MIB1

Gene Summary

Gene:MIB1; mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
Aliases: MIB, DIP1, ZZZ6, DIP-1, LVNC7, ZZANK2
Location:18q11.2
Summary:This gene encodes a protein containing multiple ankyrin repeats and RING finger domains that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The encoded protein positively regulates Notch signaling by ubiquitinating the Notch receptors, thereby facilitating their endocytosis. This protein may also promote the ubiquitination and degradation of death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). [provided by RefSeq, Jun 2013]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase MIB1
Source:NCBIAccessed: 30 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
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Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
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Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 30 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

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Tag cloud generated 30 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Latest Publications: MIB1 (cancer-related)

Blok F, Dasgupta S, Dinjens WNM, et al.
Retrospective study of a 16 year cohort of BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers presenting for RRSO: Prevalence of invasive and in-situ carcinoma, with follow-up.
Gynecol Oncol. 2019; 153(2):326-334 [PubMed] Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: Carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are at increased risk of high grade serous carcinoma and are therefore offered risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) by 40-45 years. Most of these carcinomas are believed to arise in the fallopian tube from serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC). We conducted a retrospective study on the prevalence of high grade serous carcinoma and STIC in BRCA1/2 carriers presenting for RRSO, and their follow-up.
METHODS: Consecutive BRCA1/2 carriers presenting for an RRSO at Erasmus MC (2000-2016) were studied. SEE-FIM pathology protocol was followed from 2010 onwards. For the cases with carcinoma and/or STIC, the histology was reviewed and immunohistochemistry (p53 & MIB-1) was performed. Next Generation Targeted Sequencing (NGTS) for TP53 mutation was used to establish clonality in 2 cases.
RESULTS: Of the 527 included patients, 68% were BRCA1, 31.6% were BRCA2, and 0.4% carried both mutations. The prevalence of high grade serous carcinoma was 2.3% (12/527); 59% of these were of tubal origin. High grade serous carcinoma was more common in patients operated on after the recommended age (p = 0.03). Isolated STIC was present in 0.8% (4/527). Two BRCA1 carriers with isolated STIC at RRSO developed peritoneal serous carcinoma >7 years later. Identical TP53 mutations in the peritoneal serous carcinoma and the preceding STIC established their clonal origin.
CONCLUSIONS: High grade serous carcinoma is more common in BRCA1/2 carriers presenting for RRSO after the recommended age, and is more often of tubal origin. Longer follow up of patients with STIC at RRSO should be considered.

Shettar A, Damineni S, Mukherjee G, Kondaiah P
Gap junction β‑2 expression is negatively associated with the estrogen receptor status in breast cancer tissues and is a regulator of breast tumorigenesis.
Oncol Rep. 2018; 40(6):3645-3653 [PubMed] Related Publications
Gap junction β‑2 gene (GJB2, also known as connexin 26) is a member of the connexin family which forms gap junction channels. Many connexin genes have been considered to be tumor suppressor genes. However, the overexpression of GJB2 has been found to be associated with a poor prognosis in several human cancers. In our previous microarray study, we revealed the overexpression of GJB2 in breast cancer tissues. Hence, in this study, we investigated the expression of GJB2 in human breast cancer and its role in breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. The RT‑qPCR results revealed the upregulation of the GJB2 gene in invasive ductal carcinoma (P<0.001) of the breast. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed an intense cytoplasmic and membrane staining. We observed that the staining for GJB2 was more intense in the majority of the estrogen receptor (ER)‑negative breast cancer tissues compared to the normal breast tissues (P<0.0001). By contrast, the majority of the ER‑positive breast cancer samples exhibited weak to moderate staining; however, this difference was not statistically significant compared to the normal tisues. The knockdown of GJB2 in human breast cancer cell lines using shRNA led to a significant decrease in the proliferative ability and an increase in the migratory ability of breast cancer cells. In addition, the knockdown of GJB‑2 led to a significant reduction in tumor volume and proliferation (as demonstrated by MIB‑1 staining) in orthotopic xenografts in immunocompromised mice. On the whole, the findings of this study indicate that GJB2 may be an important regulator of breast tumorigenesis.

Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Georgiou I, et al.
LC3A, LC3B and Beclin-1 Expression in Gastric Cancer.
Anticancer Res. 2018; 38(12):6827-6833 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The current study examined the key proteins involved in autophagosome formation and their prognostic role in gastric cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paraffin-embedded tissues from 121 consecutive patients treated with surgery for gastric cancer were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of autophagic proteins microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A and 3B (LC3A, LC3B) and beclin-1 (encoded by BECN1 gene). Assessment of proliferative index using the MIB1 monoclonal antibody (recognizing an epitope of the Ki-67 antigen, encoded by the MK167 gene) and correlations with histopathological [corrected].
RESULTS: Strong cytoplasmic expression was noted for all studied proteins, although to a varying proportion, the median percentage being 30% for LC3A, and 40% for LC3B and beclin-1. The median score of LC3A
CONCLUSION: Intense autophagic activity, as assessed by LC3A immunostaining and SLS quantification, is a strong prognostic marker in gastric cancer and can be useful for clinical application.

Kwan AK, Um CY, Rutherford RE, et al.
Effects of vitamin D and calcium on expression of MSH2 and transforming growth factors in normal-appearing colorectal mucosa of sporadic colorectal adenoma patients: A randomized clinical trial.
Mol Carcinog. 2019; 58(4):511-523 [PubMed] Related Publications
Abnormal expression of the DNA mismatch repair protein MSH2 and autocrine/paracrine transforming growth factors TGFα (growth promoter) and TGFβ

Ishida Y, Tsuda M, Sawamura Y, et al.
"Integrated diagnosis" of pilocytic astrocytoma: Molecular diagnostic procedure for an unusual case.
Pathol Int. 2018; 68(12):694-699 [PubMed] Related Publications
A 24 year-old female presented with a mass lesion in the right temporal lobe. This case was difficult to diagnose using histological and immunological methods and therefore molecular analyses were applied to provide a definitive diagnosis. The tumor was well-demarcated, partially cystic, and irregularly-enhanced on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Pathologically, a large part of the tumor consisted of cells with fine cytoplasmic processes on a myxoid and mucinous background. Cells formed a microcystic structure around the mucinous tissue. Numerous eosinophilic granular bodies, but not Rosenthal fibers, were present. The solid and compact regions of the tumor were composed of fasciculation of dense fibrous glial tissues and occasional multinucleated giant cells. Tumor cells and their fragmented cytoplasmic processes were positively stained with GFAP, while eosinophilic granular bodies were both positive and negative. Xanthomatous changes were not detected and the reticulin fibers were restricted to vascular tissues. The MIB1 index was scored as approximately 10%. In molecular analyses of BRAF, the KIAA1549-BRAF (K16-B9) fusion gene was detected in all tumor regions, whereas BRAF V600E mutation was not detected by either conventional Sanger sequencing or the Eprobe-PCR method. Based on the results of the molecular analyses, this case was diagnosed as pilocytic astrocytoma.

Vizcaino MA, Palsgrove DN, Yuan M, et al.
Granular cell astrocytoma: an aggressive IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma with molecular genetic features of primary glioblastoma.
Brain Pathol. 2019; 29(2):193-204 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/03/2020 Related Publications
Granular cell astrocytoma (GCA) is a rare adult infiltrating glioma subtype. We studied a series of 39 GCAs. Median age of presentation was 57.8 years and most cases developed in the frontal or temporal lobes. Tumors included grade II (n = 14), grade III (n = 11), and grade IV (n = 14) by WHO criteria. Granular cell morphology was diffuse in 31 (79%) cases and partial in eight (21%). Immunohistochemistry showed frequent positivity for GFAP (28 of 31), OLIG2 (16 of 16), and CD68 (27 of 30), but HAM56, CD163, and IBA-1 histiocytic markers were all negative (22 of 22). IDH1(R132H) was negative in all the cases tested (16 of 16), while ATRX expression was retained (12 of 12). Cytogenetics demonstrated monosomy 10 (6 of 6) cases, +7 in 4 (of 6), -13q in 4 of 6, and -14 in 4 of 6. Next-generation sequencing demonstrated mutations in PTEN/PIK3 genes in 6/13 (46%), NF1 in 3 of 10 (30%), TP53 in 3 of 13 (23%), PALB2 in 3 of 10 (30%), STAG2 in 3 of 10 (30%), EGFR mutation/amplification in 3 of 13 (23%), and AR in 2 of 10 (20%). CDKN2A/B deletion was identified in 5 of 13 (30%) cases (homozygous deletion in 4). The TERT C228T mutation was identified in 9 of 13 (69%). No mutations were encountered in IDH1, IDH2, CIC, FUBP1, H3F3A, BRAF or ATRX genes. The mean overall survival was 11.3 months. Patients >60 years old at diagnosis had a worse survival than patients <60 years (P = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in survival by WHO grade, extent of granular cell change, sex or MIB-1 (P > 0.05). GCA is a variant of IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma with aggressive behavior irrespective of grade and extent of granular cell morphology, and with molecular genetic features corresponding to primary glioblastoma.

Kitao T, Shiga T, Hirata K, et al.
Volume-based parameters on FDG PET may predict the proliferative potential of soft-tissue sarcomas.
Ann Nucl Med. 2019; 33(1):22-31 [PubMed] Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare types of tumors that have variable levels of tumor differentiation. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) has been established as an useful tool for STS patients, and the metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) are reported to be useful in various cancers. We compared the diagnostic value of four PET parameters (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax], SUVmean, MTV, and TLG) from two acquisition timings for predicting the expression of the pathological marker of cell proliferation Ki-67, based on pathological investigation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, we investigated 20 patients (59 ± 19 years old, 18-87 years old) with pathologically confirmed STS who underwent FDG PET before surgical intervention. The patients fasted ≥ 6 h before the intravenous injection of FDG. The whole body was scanned twice; at an early phase (61.5 ± 2.6 min) and at a delayed phase (118.0 ± 2.1 min) post-injection. The SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, and TLG of the primary lesion were measured with a tumor boundary determined by SUV ≥ 2.0. Ki-67 was measured using MIB-1 immunohistochemistry. We used Pearson's correlation coefficient to analyze the relationships between the PET parameters and Ki-67 expressions. The Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test was performed to compare overall survival between high-group and low-group at each of the four PET parameters and Ki-67 expression.
RESULTS: All four PET parameters at each phase showed significant correlations with Ki-67. Among them, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was largest for TLG (r = 0.76 and 0.77 at the early and delayed phases, respectively), followed by MTV (0.70 and 0.72), SUVmax (r = 0.65 and 0.66), and SUVmean (r = 0.62 and r = 0.64). From early to delayed phases, the SUVmax and SUVmean both increased in all 20 patients, whereas the MTV and TLG increased in 13/20 (65%) and 16/20 (80%) patients, respectively. None of the %increases of the PET parameters were significantly correlated with Ki-67. The overall survival was shorter for high-SUVmax, high-SUVmean, high-TLG, and high-Ki-67 groups than the other groups, although the difference did not reach statistical significance.
CONCLUSION: The SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, and TLG acquired at both 1 and 2 h after injection showed significant correlations with Ki-67. Among them, correlation coefficient with Ki-67 expression was highest for TLG, although the best parameter should be determined in a larger population. The delayed-phase FDG PET was equally useful as that of early-phase to predict tumor aggressiveness in STS.

Dong L, Wu N, Wang S, et al.
Detection of novel germline mutations in six breast cancer predisposition genes by targeted next-generation sequencing.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(10):1442-1455 [PubMed] Related Publications
In this study, a customized amplicon-based target sequencing panel was designed to enrich the whole exon regions of six genes associated with the risk of breast cancer. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed for 146 breast cancer patients (BC), 71 healthy women with a family history of breast cancer (high risk), and 55 healthy women without a family history of cancer (control). Sixteen possible disease-causing mutations on four genes were identified in 20 samples. The percentages of possible disease-causing mutation carriers in the BC group (8.9%) and in the high-risk group (8.5%) were higher than that in the control group (1.8%). The BRCA1 possible disease-causing mutation group had a higher prevalence in family history and triple-negative breast cancer, while the BRCA2 possible disease-causing mutation group was younger and more likely to develop axillary lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05). Among the 146 patients, 47 with a family history of breast cancer were also sequenced with another 14 moderate-risk genes. Three additional possible disease-causing mutations were found on PALB2, CHEK2, and PMS2 genes, respectively. The results demonstrate that the six-gene targeted NGS panel may provide an approach to assess the genetic risk of breast cancer and predict the clinical prognosis of breast cancer patients.

Suster D, Pihan G, Mackinnon AC, Suster S
Poorly Differentiated Nonkeratinizing Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Thymus: Clinicopathologic and Molecular Genetic Study of 25 Cases.
Am J Surg Pathol. 2018; 42(9):1224-1236 [PubMed] Related Publications
Thymic carcinoma represents a rare and poorly understood type of thymic epithelial neoplasm that has been the subject of much controversy. Poorly differentiated nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, also known as lymphoepithelioma-like thymic carcinoma, is a rare variant of thymic carcinoma that has not been adequately characterized in the literature. The clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and molecular features of 25 cases are reported. The patients were 19 men and 6 women, ranging in age from 20 to 85 years (mean: 60 y). The tumors presented clinically as anterior mediastinal masses with chest pain and shortness of breath or were found incidentally on imaging studies. Tumor size ranged from 2.0 to 13.5 cm in greatest diameter. Most of the tumors were small, well-circumscribed and confined to the mediastinum. Five cases presented with large, bulky, and infiltrative masses. Histologically, the hallmark of these tumors was a neoplastic proliferation of large, round to oval cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent eosinophilic nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm. Two histologic growth patterns were identified: tumors with a heavy lymphoplasmacytic stroma (lymphoepithelioma-like pattern), and tumors showing abundant desmoplastic stroma (desmoplastic pattern). Immunohistochemical stains showed strong positivity of the tumor cells for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CK5/6, CK18, MOC31, p16, p40, and p63. MIB-1 showed on average 35% nuclear positivity. CD117 was positive in 21/25 cases and CD5 in 20/25 cases. Epstein-Barr encoded RNA in situ hybridization was positive in only 1 case. Electron microscopy in 4 cases showed primitive round to oval cells with prominent nucleoli, scant cytoplasm and immature cell junctions. Molecular features were studied by next-generation sequencing using high quality sequence data obtained from 18 patients. Variants with allele frequency between 5% and 45% and quality scores >50 were classified as somatic. A total of 16/18 cases had one or more somatic variants of unknown significance. One case showed an IDH1 p. R132C mutation, also of unknown significance. No "actionable" genes amenable to currently available targeted therapies were identified in this cohort. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 20 patients; 14 patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease between 1.5 and 16 years after diagnosis (median survival: 4 y; mean: 5.5 y). Most survivors had relatively small tumors (<5 cm. diameter), were in stage I and II at diagnosis and showed clear surgical margins. Five patients died of their tumors with metastases to bone, brain, chest wall, lungs and lymph nodes; all were in advanced stages and showed positive margins. Prognosis for these tumors appears to be correlated with the staging and status of the margins at the time of initial surgery.

Montalban G, Fraile-Bethencourt E, López-Perolio I, et al.
Characterization of spliceogenic variants located in regions linked to high levels of alternative splicing: BRCA2 c.7976+5G > T as a case study.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(9):1155-1160 [PubMed] Related Publications
Many BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genetic variants have been studied at mRNA level and linked to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer due to splicing alteration. In silico tools are reliable when assessing variants located in consensus splice sites, but we may identify variants in complex genomic contexts for which bioinformatics is not precise enough. In this study, we characterize BRCA2 c.7976 + 5G > T variant located in intron 17 which has an atypical donor site (GC). This variant was identified in three unrelated Spanish families and we have detected exon 17 skipping as the predominant transcript occurring in carriers. We have also detected several isoforms (Δ16-18, Δ17,18, Δ18, and ▼17q

Collins DA
Imaging Cobalamin Uptake within Malignant Breast Tumors In Vivo.
Mol Imaging Biol. 2019; 21(2):356-367 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: To image the uptake of cobalamin (Cbl) within malignant breast tumors in vivo.
PROCEDURES: Prior to surgery 20 female patients with clinically suspected breast tumors were intravenously administered 0.25 μg of an In-111 labeled 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AC) analog ([
RESULTS: The mean [
CONCLUSION: The uptake of Cbl within malignant breast tumors can be imaged clinically. Cbl uptake is greatest in TN and HER2-positive breast tumors. A solitary bolus of AC or DEX increases the [

Diao X, Chen X, Pi Y, et al.
Androgen receptor induces EPHA3 expression by interacting with transcription factor SP1.
Oncol Rep. 2018; 40(2):1174-1184 [PubMed] Related Publications
Erythropoietin‑producing hepatocellular carcinoma cell surface type‑A receptor 3 (EPHA3) has been found to promote the proliferation and survival of prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines and prostate tumor development in nude mice. However, the regulation of EPHA3 in PCa remains largely unknown. This study is aimed to investigate the association between EPHA3 expression and androgen receptor (AR) signaling and the potential mechanism. We determined mRNA and protein levels of EPHA3 and AR signaling‑related genes in the PCa cell line 22Rv1 by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and western blotting, respectively. The EPHA3 mRNA and protein levels were both found to be elevated by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) hormone in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner, as AR and prostate‑specific antigen (PSA) expression were increased. Similarly, EPHA3 protein levels were also increased in the PCa cell line LNCaP stimulated with DHT or mibolerone (Mib). Overexpression of pEGFP‑AR in 22Rv1 cells significantly increased the EphA3 level, while AR knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) for AR (siAR) markedly decreased the expression of EPHA3. The key EPHA3 promoter region associated with AR regulation was evaluated by co‑transfection of various pGL3‑basic‑luciferase reporter plasmids, containing EPHA3 core promoter fragments differing in length, with the AR plasmid or siAR into 22Rv1 cells. AR overexpression in 22Rvl cells raised the EphA3 promoter transcription activity of pGL3‑EPHA3‑Luc (EPHA3‑Luc)‑789, and vice versa. Similarly, luciferase activity of EPHA3‑Luc‑317 was also clearly affected. However, truncated EPHA3‑Luc‑237 without the transcription factor specific protein 1 (SP1) binding sites or EPHA3‑Luc‑789ΔSP1 with modified SP1 binding sites clearly decreased EPHA3 promoter activity regardless of whether AR was overexpressed or blocked. Treatment of 22Rv1 cells with 10 and 100 nM of the SP1 inhibitor mithramycin A for 24 and 48 h significantly reduced EPHA3 mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, selective inhibition of SP1 with siRNA SP1 (siSP1) at various concentration from 25 to 75 nM, reduced the EPHA3 protein level in PCa LNCaP cells, accordingly. Co‑immunoprecipitation (co‑IP) and chromatin IP (ChIP) assays were performed to determine whether AR forms a transcription factor complex with Sp1 that binds the EPHA3 core promoter region to sense androgen induction. The result suggests that the interaction of AR and SP1 contributes to regulate EPHA3 expression, and the SP1 binding sites (‑295~‑261) in the EPHA3 core promoter region is crucial to the regulation of EPHA3 expression in response to androgen hormone stimuli.

Mur P, Jemth AS, Bevc L, et al.
Germline variation in the oxidative DNA repair genes NUDT1 and OGG1 is not associated with hereditary colorectal cancer or polyposis.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(9):1214-1225 [PubMed] Related Publications
The causal association of NUDT1 (=MTH1) and OGG1 with hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unclear. Here, we sought to provide additional evidence for or against the causal contribution of NUDT1 and OGG1 mutations to hereditary CRC and/or polyposis. Mutational screening was performed using pooled DNA amplification and targeted next-generation sequencing in 529 families (441 uncharacterized MMR-proficient familial nonpolyposis CRC and 88 polyposis cases). Cosegregation, in silico analyses, in vitro functional assays, and case-control associations were carried out to characterize the identified variants. Five heterozygous carriers of novel (n = 1) or rare (n = 4) NUDT1 variants were identified. In vitro deleterious effects were demonstrated for c.143G>A p.G48E (catalytic activity and protein stability) and c.403G>T p.G135W (protein stability), although cosegregation data in the carrier families were inconclusive or nonsupportive. The frequency of missense, loss-of-function, and splice-site NUDT1 variants in our familial CRC cohort was similar to the one observed in cancer-free individuals, suggesting lack of association with CRC predisposition. No OGG1 pathogenic mutations were identified. Our results suggest that the contribution of NUDT1 and OGG1 germline mutations to hereditary CRC and to polyposis is inexistent or, at most, negligible. The inclusion of these genes in routine genetic testing is not recommended.

Da Ros L, Moretti A, Querzoli P, et al.
HER2-Positive Lobular Versus Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast: Pattern of First Recurrence and Molecular Insights.
Clin Breast Cancer. 2018; 18(5):e1133-e1139 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Infiltrating lobular carcinoma (ILC) represents about 10% of breast cancer and rarely shows overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). We compared biological and clinical characteristics of HER2-positive ILC versus HER2-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC).
PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 328 patients with HER2-positive pure ductal or lobular breast carcinoma, comparing clinical and biological data at diagnosis as well as outcome between the 2 histologies. A gene-mutation analysis was performed in a subset of patients.
RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-one patients (88.7%) had IDC and 37 patients (11.3%) ILC. ILC resulted more frequently in multicenter (24.3% vs. 6.5%, P < .0001) and node-positive (54.1% vs. 45%, P = .013) disease of lower proliferative activity (Mib1 < 20%: 51.4% vs. 22.3%, P < .0001) and lower histologic grade (grade 3: 32.4% vs. 57.4%, P = .038). Disease recurred in 57 patients (17.4%) and involved the bone in 40% of ILC patients (vs. 17% of IDC patients) and the viscera in 30% of ILC patients (vs. 59.6% of IDC patients). No difference in the recurrence rate between the 2 histologies was observed in patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab (12.5% of ILC patients and 8.3% of IDC patients). Exploratory molecular analysis revealed a higher frequency of mutations in ILC, with more cases of multiple mutations.
CONCLUSION: HER2-positive ILC shows different biological behavior than IDC, with a possible higher mutation load. Despite lower proliferation activity and estrogen receptor expression in ILC breast cancer, trastuzumab is clearly an effective therapy for this histologic subtype.

Evans DR, Venkitachalam S, Revoredo L, et al.
Evidence for GALNT12 as a moderate penetrance gene for colorectal cancer.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(8):1092-1101 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/03/2020 Related Publications
Characterizing moderate penetrance susceptibility genes is an emerging frontier in colorectal cancer (CRC) research. GALNT12 is a strong candidate CRC-susceptibility gene given previous linkage and association studies, and inactivating somatic and germline alleles in CRC patients. Previously, we found rare segregating germline GALNT12 variants in a clinic-based cohort (N = 118) with predisposition for CRC. Here, we screened a new population-based cohort of incident CRC cases (N = 479) for rare (MAF ≤1%) deleterious germline GALNT12 variants. GALNT12 screening revealed eight rare variants. Two variants were previously described (p.Asp303Asn, p.Arg297Trp), and additionally, we found six other rare variants: five missense (p.His101Gln, p.Ile142Thr, p.Glu239Gln, p.Thr286Met, p.Val290Phe) and one putative splice-altering variant (c.732-8 G>T). Sequencing of population-matched controls (N = 400) revealed higher burden of these variants in CRC cases compared with healthy controls (P = 0.0381). We then functionally characterized the impact of substitutions on GALNT12 enzyme activity using in vitro-derived peptide substrates. Three of the newly identified GALNT12 missense variants (p.His101Gln, p.Ile142Thr, p.Val290Phe) demonstrated a marked loss (>2-fold reduction) of enzymatic activity compared with wild-type (P ≤ 0.05), whereas p.Glu239Gln exhibited a ∼2-fold reduction in activity (P = 0.077). These findings provide strong, independent evidence for the association of GALNT12 defects with CRC-susceptibility; underscoring implications for glycosylation pathway defects in CRC.

Zacharias N, Lee J, Ramachandran S, et al.
Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Alters Hyperpolarized Pyruvate to Lactate Conversion and Lactate Levels In Vivo.
Mol Imaging Biol. 2019; 21(1):86-94 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/02/2020 Related Publications
PURPOSE: Androgen receptor (AR) signaling affects prostate cancer (PCa) growth, metabolism, and progression. Often, PCa progresses from androgen-sensitive to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) following androgen-deprivation therapy. Clinicopathologic and genomic characterizations of CRPC tumors lead to subdividing CRPC into two subtypes: (1) AR-dependent CRPC containing dysregulation of AR signaling alterations in AR such as amplification, point mutations, and/or generation of splice variants in the AR gene; and (2) an aggressive variant PCa (AVPC) subtype that is phenotypically similar to small cell prostate cancer and is defined by chemotherapy sensitivity, gain of neuroendocrine or pro-neural marker expression, loss of AR expression, and combined alterations of PTEN, TP53, and RB1 tumor suppressors. Previously, we reported patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal models that contain characteristics of these CRPC subtypes. In this study, we have employed the PDX models to test metabolic alterations in the CRPC subtypes.
PROCEDURES: Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis along with in vivo hyperpolarized 1-[
RESULTS: Using hyperpolarized 1-[
CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis underscores the potential of hyperpolarized metabolic imaging in determining the underlying biology and in vivo phenotyping of CRPC.

Park KU, Chen Y, Chitale D, et al.
Utilization of the 21-Gene Recurrence Score in a Diverse Breast Cancer Patient Population: Development of a Clinicopathologic Model to Predict High-Risk Scores and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.
Ann Surg Oncol. 2018; 25(7):1921-1927 [PubMed] Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: The 21-gene expression profile [Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS)] stratifies benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in hormone receptor (HR)-positive, HER2/neu-negative, node-negative breast cancer. It is not routinely applied to predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) response; data in diverse patient populations also are limited. We developed a statistical model based on standard clinicopathologic features to identify high-risk cases (RS > 30) and then evaluated ability of predicted high RS to predict for NACT downstaging.
METHODS: Primary surgery patients with Oncotype DX RS testing 2012-2016 were identified from a prospectively-maintained database. A RS predictive model was created and applied to a dataset of comparable NACT patients. Response was defined as tumor size decrease ≥ 1 cm.
RESULTS: Of 394 primary surgery patients-60.4% white American; 31.0% African American-RS distribution was similar for both groups. No single feature reliably identified high RS patients; however, a model accounting for age, HR expression, proliferative index (MIB1/Ki67), histology, and tumor size was generated, with receiver operator area under the curve 0.909. Fifty-six NACT patients were identified (25 African American). Of 21 cases with all relevant clinicopathology, 14 responded to NACT and the model generated high-risk RS in 14 (100%); conversely, of 16 cases generating high-risk RS, only 2 did not respond.
CONCLUSIONS: Predictive modelling can identify high RS patients; this model also can identify patients likely to experience primary tumor downstaging with NACT. Until this model is validated in other datasets, we recommend that Oncotype-eligible patients undergo primary surgery with decisions regarding chemotherapy made in the adjuvant setting.

Iliadis A, Virvili MA, Flaris NA, et al.
PTTG-1 (Securin) immunoexpression in meningiomas correlates with tumor grade and proliferation rate: potential use as a diagnostic marker of malignancy.
APMIS. 2018; 126(4):295-302 [PubMed] Related Publications
This study essentially aims to contribute to the immunohistochemical investigation of the use of pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) as a marker of cell proliferation or advanced tumor grade in meningiomas of various WHO grades. In all, 51 cases were recovered in total, 21 Grade-I, 23 Grade-II and 7 Grade-III meningiomas. Mitotic index (MI), Ki-67/MiB-1 positivity percentage and PTTG expression were analyzed in correlation to each other as well as to the tumor WHO grades. All three biomarkers showed a high diagnostic significance and a strong association with WHO grades. In comparison, PTTG expression was on a par with the other two indices, and performed very well regarding identification of advanced grade tumors. PTTG may be considered an important diagnostic tool and serve in the future as a novel prognosticator of the biological behavior of all grade meningiomas as well as a useful high-risk patient selection tool.

Korbolina EE, Brusentsov II, Bryzgalov LO, et al.
Novel approach to functional SNPs discovery from genome-wide data reveals promising variants for colon cancer risk.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(6):851-859 [PubMed] Related Publications
In the majority of colorectal cancer (CRC) cases, the genetic basis of predisposition remains unexplained. The goal of the study was to assess the regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) in the human genome and to reveal СRC drivers based on the available chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq, ChIA-PET) and transcriptional profiling (RNA-Seq) data. We combined positional (locations within genome regulatory elements) and functional (associated with allele-specific binding and expression) criteria followed by an analysis using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and minor allele frequency (MAF) datasets. DeSeq2 analysis through 70 CRC patients reinforced the regulatory potential. rSNPs (1,476) that were associated with significant (P < 0.01) allele-specific events resulting in thirty that exhibited a link with CRC according to the MAF and 27, with a risk of malignancy in general according to GWAS. Selected rSNPs may modify the expression of genes for tumor suppressors and the regulators of signaling pathways, including noncoding RNAs. However, the rSNPs from the most represented group affect the expression of genes related to splicing. Our findings strongly suggest that the identified variants might contribute to CRC susceptibility, which indicates that aberrant splicing is one of the key mechanisms for unraveling disease etiopathogenesis and provides useful inputs for interpreting how genotypic variation corresponds to phenotypic outcome.

Wallis D, Li K, Lui H, et al.
Neurofibromin (NF1) genetic variant structure-function analyses using a full-length mouse cDNA.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(6):816-821 [PubMed] Related Publications
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is caused by pathogenic variants or mutations in the NF1 gene that encodes neurofibromin. We describe here a new approach to determining the functional consequences of NF1 genetic variants. We established a heterologous cell culture expression system using a full-length mouse Nf1 cDNA (mNf1) and human cell lines. We demonstrate that the full-length murine cDNA produces a > 250 kDa neurofibromin protein that is capable of modulating Ras signaling. We created mutant cDNAs representing NF1 patient variants with different clinically relevant phenotypes, and assessed their ability to produce mature neurofibromin and restore Nf1 activity in NF1

Michaud K, de Tayrac M, D'Astous M, et al.
Impact of 9p deletion and p16, Cyclin D1, and Myc hyperexpression on the outcome of anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.
PLoS One. 2018; 13(2):e0193213 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/02/2020 Related Publications
OBJECTIVE: To study the presence of 9p deletion and p16, cyclin D1 and Myc expression and their respective diagnostic and prognostic interest in oligodendrogliomas.
METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective series of 40 consecutive anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (OIII) from a single institution and compared them to a control series of 10 low grade oligodendrogliomas (OII). Automated FISH analysis of chromosome 9p status and immunohistochemistry for p16, cyclin D1 and Myc was performed for all cases and correlated with clinical and histological data, event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS).
RESULTS: Chromosome 9p deletion was observed in 55% of OIII (22/40) but not in OII. Deletion was highly correlated to EFS (median = 29 versus 53 months, p<0.0001) and OS (median = 48 versus 83 months, p<0.0001) in both the total cohort and the OIII population. In 9p non-deleted oligodendrogliomas, p16 hyperexpression correlated with a shorter OS (p = 0.02 in OII and p = 0.0001 in OIII) whereas lack of p16 expression was correlated to a shorter EFS and OS in 9p deleted OIII (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0002 respectively). Expression of Cyclin D1 was significantly higher in OIII (median expression 45% versus 14% for OII, p = 0.0006) and was correlated with MIB-1 expression (p<0.0001), vascular proliferation (p = 0.002), tumor necrosis (p = 0.04) and a shorter EFS in the total cohort (p = 0.05). Hyperexpression of Myc was correlated to grade (median expression 27% in OII versus 35% in OIII, p = 0.03), and to a shorter EFS in 9p non-deleted OIII (p = 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Chromosome 9p deletion identifies a subset of OIII with significantly worse prognosis. The combination of 9p status and p16 expression level identifies two distinct OIII populations with divergent prognosis. Hyperexpression of Bcl1 and Myc appears highly linked to anaplasia but the prognostic value is unclear and should be investigated further.

Malgulwar PB, Nambirajan A, Pathak P, et al.
C11orf95-RELA fusions and upregulated NF-KB signalling characterise a subset of aggressive supratentorial ependymomas that express L1CAM and nestin.
J Neurooncol. 2018; 138(1):29-39 [PubMed] Related Publications
Ependymomas (EPN) show site specific genetic alterations and a recent DNA methylation profiling study identified nine molecular subgroups. C11orf95-RELA and YAP1 fusions characterise the RELA and YAP1 molecular subgroups, respectively, of supratentorial (ST)-EPNs. Current guidelines recommend molecular subgrouping over histological grade for accurate prognostication. Clinicopathological features of ST-EPNs in correlation with C11orf95-RELA and YAP1 fusions have been assessed in only few studies. We aimed to study these fusions in EPNs, and identify diagnostic and prognostic markers. qRT-PCR and Sanger Sequencing for the detection of C11orf95-RELA, YAP1-MAMLD1 and YAP1-FAM118B fusion transcripts, gene expression analysis for NFKB1, and immunohistochemistry for p53, MIB-1, nestin, VEGF, and L1CAM were performed. 88 EPNs (10-Grade I and 78-Grade II/III) from all sites were included. RELA fusions were unique to Grade II/III ST-EPNs, detected in 81.4% (22/27) and 18.5% (5/27) of pediatric and adult ST-EPNs respectively. ST-EPNs harbouring RELA fusions showed frequent grade III histology (81.5%), clear cell morphology (70.3%), upregulated NFKB1 expression, MIB-1 labelling indices (LI) ≥ 10% (77.8%), and immunopositivity for nestin (95.7%), VEGF (72%), L1CAM (79%), and p53 (64%). Presence of RELA fusions, L1CAM immunopositivity and MIB-1 LI ≥ 10% associated with poor outcome. L1CAM showed 81% concordance with RELA fusions. YAP1-MAMLD1 fusion was identified in a single RELA fusion negative adult anaplastic ST-EPN. RELA fusions are frequent in ST-EPNs and associate with poor outcome. L1CAM is a surrogate immunohistochemical marker. RELA fusion positive ST-EPNs strongly express nestin indicating increased stemness. Further evaluation of the interactions between NFKB and stem cell pathways is warranted.

Coppe A, Nogara L, Pizzuto MS, et al.
Somatic mutations activating Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein concomitant with RAS pathway mutations in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia patients.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(4):579-587 [PubMed] Related Publications
The WAS gene product is expressed exclusively in the cytoplasm of hematopoietic cells and constitutional genetic abrogation of WASP leads to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS). Moreover, mutational activation of WASP has been associated with X-linked neutropenia. Although studies reported that patients with constitutional WAS mutations affecting functional WASP expression may present juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)-like features, confounding differential diagnosis above all in the copresence of mutated RAS, an activating somatic mutation of WASP has not been previously described in JMML patients. In our ongoing studies on JMML genomics, we at first detected a somatic WAS mutation in a major clone found at two consecutive relapses in one of two twins with JMML. Both twins were treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after diagnosis of JMML. The somatic WAS mutation detected here displayed an activating WASP phenotype. Screening of 46 sporadic JMML patients at disease onset for mutations in the same PBD domain of WAS revealed two additional singleton patients carrying minor mutated clones. This is the first study to associate somatically acquired WASP mutations with a hematopoietic malignancy and increases insight in the complexity of the genomic landscape of JMML that shows low recurrent mutations concomitant with general hyperactivation of RAS pathway signaling.

Baert A, Machackova E, Coene I, et al.
Thorough in silico and in vitro cDNA analysis of 21 putative BRCA1 and BRCA2 splice variants and a complex tandem duplication in BRCA2 allowing the identification of activated cryptic splice donor sites in BRCA2 exon 11.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(4):515-526 [PubMed] Related Publications
For 21 putative BRCA1 and BRCA2 splice site variants, the concordance between mRNA analysis and predictions by in silico programs was evaluated. Aberrant splicing was confirmed for 12 alterations. In silico prediction tools were helpful to determine for which variants cDNA analysis is warranted, however, predictions for variants in the Cartegni consensus region but outside the canonical sites, were less reliable. Learning algorithms like Adaboost and Random Forest outperformed the classical tools. Further validations are warranted prior to implementation of these novel tools in clinical settings. Additionally, we report here for the first time activated cryptic donor sites in the large exon 11 of BRCA2 by evaluating the effect at the cDNA level of a novel tandem duplication (5' breakpoint in intron 4; 3' breakpoint in exon 11) and of a variant disrupting the splice donor site of exon 11 (c.6841+1G > C). Additional sites were predicted, but not activated. These sites warrant further research to increase our knowledge on cis and trans acting factors involved in the conservation of correct transcription of this large exon. This may contribute to adequate design of ASOs (antisense oligonucleotides), an emerging therapy to render cancer cells sensitive to PARP inhibitor and platinum therapies.

Sugiura Y, Kanda H, Motoi N, et al.
Osteosarcoma arising in fibrous dysplasia, confirmed by mutational analysis of GNAS gene.
Pathol Res Pract. 2018; 214(2):318-324 [PubMed] Related Publications
Malignancy arising in fibrous dysplasia (FD) is rare. Approximately 100 cases have been reported so far, and osteosarcoma is the most common malignancy. We report a case of osteosarcoma in a 33-year-old Japanese man with monostotic FD of the right proximal femur from the age of 16 years. Histologically, relatively well-differentiated osteosarcoma was found in the FD lesion. Immunohistochemically, the FD was negative for p53 or MDM2, and the MIB-1 index was less than 1%, whereas the osteosarcoma was positive for both p53 and MDM2, and the MIB-1 index was up to 15%. The FD and osteosarcoma were negative for CDK4. Fluorescent in situ hybridization assay showed no amplification of the MDM2 gene, indicating that the osteosarcoma was a conventional osteosarcoma, not an intraosseous well-differentiated type. The original cell of malignancy in FD is unclear. Malignancy can be potentially derived from dysplastic cells in the area of the FD or cells in the adjacent normal tissues. GNAS gene mutation has recently been reported for fibrous dysplasia and the mutation is highly specific to fibrous dysplasia among fibro-osseous lesions including osteosarcoma. In this case, point mutations of GNAS were found in the FD and osteosarcoma but not in the adjacent normal tissues, suggesting that osteosarcoma was derived from the spindle cells of FD. This is the first report to clearly show that osteosarcoma is derived from the spindle cells in fibrous dysplasia (FD).

Wang Z, Kang F, Gao Y, et al.
Metformin Promotes 2-Deoxy-2-[
Mol Imaging Biol. 2018; 20(3):388-397 [PubMed] Related Publications
PURPOSE: The early diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the potential to lead to significant improvements for the treatment and survival rates of cancer patients. 2-Deoxy-2-[
PROCEDURES: Human SMMC-7721 HCC cells were treated with metformin (up to 10 mM) or FoxO1 siRNA. The transcriptional and expression levels of FoxO1 and G6Pase were determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The feasibility of using metformin to promote [
RESULTS: Treatment of HCC cells with metformin (Met) leads to a dose-dependent reduction in the expression levels of FoxO1 at the protein level, but not at the mRNA level. Met-induced phosphorylation of FoxO1 initiates a reduction in the expression levels of G6Pase mRNA, which results in an overall increase in the uptake of [
CONCLUSIONS: We propose that treatment of HCC cells with Met may be a useful strategy for improving the efficacy of [

Besse W, Choi J, Ahram D, et al.
A noncoding variant in GANAB explains isolated polycystic liver disease (PCLD) in a large family.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(3):378-382 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/02/2020 Related Publications
Expanded mutation detection and novel gene discovery for isolated polycystic liver disease (PCLD) are necessary as 50% of cases do not have identified mutations in the seven published disease genes. We investigated a family with five affected siblings for which no loss-of-function variants were identified by whole exome sequencing analysis. SNP genotyping and linkage analysis narrowed the candidate regions to ∼8% of the genome, which included two published PCLD genes in close proximity to each other, GANAB and LRP5. Based on these findings, we re-evaluated the exome sequencing data and identified a novel intronic nine base pair deletion in the vicinity of the GANAB exon 24 splice donor that had initially been discarded by the sequence analysis pipelines. We used a minigene assay to show that this deletion leads to skipping of exon 24 in cell lines and primary human cholangiocytes. These findings prompt genomic evaluation beyond the coding region to enhance mutation detection in PCLD and to avoid premature implication of other genes in linkage disequilibrium.

Ellison G, Ahdesmäki M, Luke S, et al.
An evaluation of the challenges to developing tumor BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing methodologies for clinical practice.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(3):394-405 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/02/2020 Related Publications
Ovarian cancer patients with germline or somatic pathogenic variants benefit from treatment with poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Tumor BRCA1/2 testing is more challenging than germline testing as the majority of samples are formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE), the tumor genome is complex, and the allelic fraction of somatic variants can be low. We collaborated with 10 laboratories testing BRCA1/2 in tumors to compare different approaches to identify clinically important variants within FFPE tumor DNA samples. This was not a proficiency study but an inter-laboratory comparison to identify common issues. Each laboratory received the same tumor DNA samples ranging in genotype, quantity, quality, and variant allele frequency (VAF). Each laboratory performed their preferred next-generation sequencing method to report on the variants. No false positive results were reported in this small study and the majority of methods detected the low VAF variants. A number of variants were not detected due to the bioinformatics analysis, variant classification, or insufficient DNA. The use of hybridization capture or short amplicon methods are recommended based on a bioinformatic assessment of the data. The study highlights the importance of establishing standards and standardization for tBRCA testing particularly when the test results dictate clinical decisions regarding life extending therapies.

Albi E, Cataldi S, Ferri I, et al.
VDR independent induction of acid-sphingomyelinase by 1,23(OH)
Biochimie. 2018; 146:35-42 [PubMed] Related Publications
1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Mori T, Yousefzadeh MJ, Faridounnia M, et al.
ERCC4 variants identified in a cohort of patients with segmental progeroid syndromes.
Hum Mutat. 2018; 39(2):255-265 [PubMed] Article available free on PMC after 01/02/2020 Related Publications
Pathogenic variants in genes, which encode DNA repair and damage response proteins, result in a number of genomic instability syndromes with features of accelerated aging. ERCC4 (XPF) encodes a protein that forms a complex with ERCC1 and is required for the 5' incision during nucleotide excision repair. ERCC4 is also FANCQ, illustrating a critical role in interstrand crosslink repair. Pathogenic variants in this gene cause xeroderma pigmentosum, XFE progeroid syndrome, Cockayne syndrome (CS), and Fanconi anemia. We performed massive parallel sequencing for 42 unsolved cases submitted to the International Registry of Werner Syndrome. Two cases, each carrying two novel heterozygous ERCC4 variants, were identified. The first case was a compound heterozygote for: c.2395C > T (p.Arg799Trp) and c.388+1164_792+795del (p.Gly130Aspfs*18). Further molecular and cellular studies indicated that the ERCC4 variants in this patient are responsible for a phenotype consistent with a variant of CS. The second case was heterozygous for two variants in cis: c.[1488A > T; c.2579C > A] (p.[Gln496His; Ala860Asp]). While the second case also had several phenotypic features of accelerated aging, we were unable to provide biological evidence supporting the pathogenic roles of the associated ERCC4 variants. Precise genetic causes and disease mechanism of the second case remains to be determined.

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