NOTCH3

Gene Summary

Gene:NOTCH3; notch receptor 3
Aliases: IMF2, LMNS, CASIL, CADASIL, CADASIL1
Location:19p13.12
Summary:This gene encodes the third discovered human homologue of the Drosophilia melanogaster type I membrane protein notch. In Drosophilia, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signalling pathway that plays a key role in neural development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in human, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remains to be determined. Mutations in NOTCH3 have been identified as the underlying cause of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3
Source:NCBIAccessed: 30 August, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (21)
Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
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Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 30 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • NOTCH1 Receptor
  • Gene Expression Profiling
  • Jagged-1 Protein
  • Tongue Neoplasms
  • Mutation
  • Transcriptome
  • Transcriptional Activation
  • Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
  • Up-Regulation
  • Cancer Stem Cells
  • Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
  • Tumor Microenvironment
  • Ovarian Cancer
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Calcium-Binding Proteins
  • Survivin
  • siRNA
  • Cell Proliferation
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins
  • Membrane Proteins
  • Notch Receptors
  • Young Adult
  • Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
  • Receptor, Notch3
  • Cell Movement
  • Breast Cancer
  • Tissue Array Analysis
  • Messenger RNA
  • Apoptosis
  • Homeodomain Proteins
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Chromosome 19
  • MicroRNAs
  • Risk Factors
  • Thymus Neoplasms
  • T-Lymphocytes
  • NOTCH3
  • Spheroids, Cellular
  • Sirtuins
  • Cancer Gene Expression Regulation
  • Lung Cancer
  • Neoplasm Proteins
Tag cloud generated 30 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (5)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: NOTCH3 (cancer-related)

van Groningen T, Akogul N, Westerhout EM, et al.
A NOTCH feed-forward loop drives reprogramming from adrenergic to mesenchymal state in neuroblastoma.
Nat Commun. 2019; 10(1):1530 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Transition between differentiation states in development occurs swift but the mechanisms leading to epigenetic and transcriptional reprogramming are poorly understood. The pediatric cancer neuroblastoma includes adrenergic (ADRN) and mesenchymal (MES) tumor cell types, which differ in phenotype, super-enhancers (SEs) and core regulatory circuitries. These cell types can spontaneously interconvert, but the mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we unravel how a NOTCH3 intracellular domain reprogrammed the ADRN transcriptional landscape towards a MES state. A transcriptional feed-forward circuitry of NOTCH-family transcription factors amplifies the NOTCH signaling levels, explaining the swift transition between two semi-stable cellular states. This transition induces genome-wide remodeling of the H3K27ac landscape and a switch from ADRN SEs to MES SEs. Once established, the NOTCH feed-forward loop maintains the induced MES state. In vivo reprogramming of ADRN cells shows that MES and ADRN cells are equally oncogenic. Our results elucidate a swift transdifferentiation between two semi-stable epigenetic cellular states.

Yagci E, Degirmenci I, Ozbayer C, et al.
Common Variants rs3815188 and rs1043994 on Notch3 Gene Confer Susceptibility to Lung Cancer: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study.
J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 2019; 38(1):61-68 [PubMed] Related Publications
The Notch signaling pathway is a mechanism that plays a role in the determination of cell fate during cell development. Signals between neighbor cells are amplified through the Notch receptors. Notch activity is related to general growth stages such as organogenesis and morphogenesis and has effects on cell differentiation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Lung cancer associated with degradation of proteins which regulate cellular activities such as cell growth, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis or the loss of function of proteins due to mutations in the genes which that express these proteins. We aimed to determine the frequency of the Notch3 rs3815188 (C381T) and rs1043994 (G684A) polymorphisms and to investigate whether this gene is associated with genetic predisposition of development of lung cancer. In this study, DNA samples were extracted from the venous blood sample of 200 subjects (100 lung cancer patients and 100 controls). Notch3 rs3815188 (C381T) and rs1043994 (G684A) polymorphisms were determined using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method. A statistically significant difference was found between the patient and control groups for Notch3 gene rs3815188 and rs1043994 polymorphisms when evaluated in terms of genotype (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) and allele frequencies (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the rs3815188 variant and rs1043994 variant of the Notch3 gene is associated with lung cancer risk in patients of Turkish origin.

Zhai Y, Wei R, Sha S, et al.
Effect of NELL1 on lung cancer stem‑like cell differentiation.
Oncol Rep. 2019; 41(3):1817-1826 [PubMed] Related Publications
The cancer stem cell theory recently has received enormous attention in cancer biology. Lung cancer stem‑like cells are a subpopulation of undifferentiated lung tumor cells critical for lung cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis and resistance to therapy and disease relapse. The neural EGFL like 1 (NELL1) is a potent growth factor believed to preferentially target cells committed to the osteochondral lineage; yet, its expression and function in lung cancer are largely unknown. In the present study, we used specific medium to accumulate lung cancer stem‑like cells of 95‑D cells in spheres and obtained these highly expressed CD133 cells through flow cytometric cell sorting of CD133‑stained cells which were termed 95‑D lung cancer stem‑like cells (95‑D LCSCs). These 95‑D LCSCs highly expressed stemness genes CD133, Oct4 and Sox2 determined by western blot analysis and quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Notably, we found that overexpression of NELL1 significantly reduced colony formation and invasion of 95‑D LCSCs tested by soft agar colony formation and cell invasion assay. In addition, as determined by cell proliferation assay, overexpression of NELL1 increased the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of 95‑D LCSCs to carboplatin and cisplatin. NELL1 also reduced the expression of phospho‑MET (p‑MET), Notch3 and HES1, which suggests that NELL1 may induce 95‑D LCSC differentiation by inhibiting the expression of c‑MET‑Notch signaling. Our results suggest that NELL1 induces lung cancer stem‑like cell differentiation, which provides a new potential therapeutic target for cancer stem cells.

Wardhani LO, Matsushita M, Kuwamoto S, et al.
Expression of Notch 3 and Jagged 1 Is Associated With Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Status and Prognosis in Merkel Cell Carcinoma.
Anticancer Res. 2019; 39(1):319-329 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIM: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive, neuroendocrine skin cancer and most MCCs are related to infection with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV). Notch signaling modulates cell fate in various tissues including the skin during development and homeostasis, and its aberrant activity relates to onset and progression of various malignancies. Therefore, association of NOTCH1/ NOTCH2/NOTCH3/jagged 1 (JAG1) expression with MCPyV status and prognosis in MCC was investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 19 MCPyV-positive and 19 MCPyV-negative MCC samples from patients were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and JAG1 and analyzed.
RESULTS: Expression of NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 was not associated with MCPyV status or prognosis. However, higher JAG1 expression was found in MCPyV-negative than in MCPyV-positive MCC (p<0.001), and NOTCH3 expression was higher in MCPyV-positive MCC (p=0.062). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses showed that patients with MCC with higher NOTCH3 expression had better overall survival than otherwise (p=0.001 and p=0.033, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Expression of NOTCH3, as a tumor suppressor, is an independent predictor of MCC outcome.

Jung AR, Eun YG, Lee YC, et al.
Clinical Significance of CUB and Sushi Multiple Domains 1 Inactivation in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Int J Mol Sci. 2018; 19(12) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Although the genetic alteration of CUB and Sushi multiple domains 1 (CSMD1) is known to be associated with poor prognosis in several cancers, there is a lack of clinical relevance in head and neck cancer. The aim of this study was to offer insight into the clinical significance of CSMD1, utilizing a multimodal approach that leverages publicly available independent genome-wide expression datasets. CSMD1-related genes were found and analyzed to examine the clinical significance of CSMD1 inactivation in the HNSCC cohort of publicly available databases. We analyzed the frequency of somatic mutations, clinicopathologic characteristics, association with immunotherapy-related gene signatures, and the pathways of gene signatures. We found 363 CSMD1-related genes. The prognosis of the CSMD1-inactivated subgroup was poor.

Su H, Wang X, Song J, et al.
MicroRNA-539 inhibits the progression of Wilms' Tumor through downregulation of JAG1 and Notch1/3.
Cancer Biomark. 2019; 24(1):125-133 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated that miR-539 play an important role in the carcinogenesis of some cancers. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of miR-539 in the pathogenesis of Wilms' Tumor (WT).
METHODS: The expression level of miR-539 was measured by qRT-PCR in 42 WT tissues and SK-NEP-1 cell line. Protein expression of genes (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Notch 1, Notch 3 and JAG1) was assessed by Western blot. The function of miR-539 was investigated in SK-NEP-1 cells by MTT and Transwell assays. The relationship between miR-539 and JAG1 was verified by a dual luciferase assay in SK-NEP-1 cells.
RESULTS: The expression level of miR-539 was significantly decreased in WT tissues. Downregulation of miR-539 was closely related to NWTS-5 stage, lymph node metastasis and histological type of WT patients. Furthermore, low miR-539 expression was associated with a shorter overall survival rate in WT patients. In vitro, overexpression of miR-539 suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of SK-NEP-1 cells. In addition, JAG1 was a direct target of miR-539. MiR-539 inhibited the development of WT by inhibiting JAG1-Notch1/3 expressing and blocking EMT.
CONCLUSION: MiR-539 inhibited the progression of WT through downregulation of JAG1 and Notch1/3.

Zhang S, Li P, Zhao L, Xu L
LINC00210 as a miR-328-5p sponge promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumorigenesis by activating NOTCH3 pathway.
Biosci Rep. 2018; 38(6) [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
As a kind of essential regulators, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Nevertheless, the function of lncRNA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains poorly understood. In the present study, we explained the role and mechanism of LINC00210 in NPC progression. We found that LINC00210 expression was up-regulated in NPC samples. Besides, its overexpression was positively correlated with NPC metastasis while predicting poor prognosis. Based on functional experiments, we revealed that LINC00210 contributed to NPC cell proliferation and invasion

Leontovich AA, Jalalirad M, Salisbury JL, et al.
NOTCH3 expression is linked to breast cancer seeding and distant metastasis.
Breast Cancer Res. 2018; 20(1):105 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Development of distant metastases involves a complex multistep biological process termed the invasion-metastasis cascade, which includes dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor to secondary organs. NOTCH developmental signaling plays a critical role in promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor stemness, and metastasis. Although all four NOTCH receptors show oncogenic properties, the unique role of each of these receptors in the sequential stepwise events that typify the invasion-metastasis cascade remains elusive.
METHODS: We have established metastatic xenografts expressing high endogenous levels of NOTCH3 using estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα
RESULTS: In this study, we identified an association between NOTCH3 expression and development of metastases in ERα
CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the key role of NOTCH3 oncogenic signaling in the genesis of breast cancer metastasis and provide a compelling preclinical rationale for the design of novel therapeutic strategies that will selectively target NOTCH3 to halt metastatic seeding and to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with breast cancer.

Mihály D, Papp G, Mervai Z, et al.
The oncomir face of microRNA-206: A permanent miR-206 transfection study.
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2018; 243(12):1014-1023 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
MiR-206 is a remarkable miRNA because it functions as a suppressor miRNA in rhabdomyosarcoma while at the same time, as previously showed, it can act as an oncomiRNA in SMARCB1 immunonegative soft tissue sarcomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-206 on its several target genes in various human tumorous and normal cell lines. In the current work, we created miR-206-overexpressing cell lines (HT-1080, Caco2, iASC, and SS-iASC) using permanent transfection. mRNA expression of the target genes of miR-206 (SMARCB1, ACTL6A, CCND1, POLA1, NOTCH3, MET, and G6PD) and SMARCB1 protein expression were examined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry. MiRNA inhibition was used to validate our results. We found a diverse silencing effect of miR-206 on its target genes. While an overall tendency of downregulation was noted, expression profiles of individual cell lines showed large variability. Only CCND1 and MET were consistently downregulated. MiR-206 had an antiproliferative effect on a normal human fibroblast cell line. A strong silencing effect of SMARCB1 in miR-206 transfected SS-iASC was most likely caused by the synergic influence of the SS18-SSX1 fusion protein and miR-206. In the same cell line, a moderate decrease of SMARCB1 protein expression could be observed with immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. In the most comprehensive analysis of miR-206 effects so far, a modest but significant downregulation of miR-206 targets on the mRNA level was confirmed across all cell lines. However, the variability of the effect shows that the action of this miRNA is largely cell context-dependent. Our results also support the conception that the oncomiR effect of miR-206 on SMARCB1 plays an important but not exclusive role in SMARCB1 immunonegative soft tissue sarcomas so it can be considered important in planning the targeted therapy of these tumors in the future. Impact statement Mir-206 is a very unique microRNA because it can act as a suppressor miRNA or as an oncomiRNA depending on the tumor tissue. In SMARCB1 negative soft tissue sarcomas miR-206 is overexpressed, so thus in epithelioid and synovial sarcomas it functions as an oncomiRNA. MiR-206 has diverse silencing effects on its target genes. We found that the action of miR-206 is largely cell context dependent. The oncomiR role of miR-206 is crucial but not exclusive in SMARCB1 negative soft tissue sarcomas and miR-206 has an antiproliferative effect on a normal human fibroblast cell line. Expressions of miR-206 targets observed in tumors can only be reproduced in the corresponding tumorous cell lines. This is the first study which examined the permanent effect of miR-206 on its target genes in normal, tumor, and genetically engineered cell lines.

Bellavia D, Checquolo S, Palermo R, Screpanti I
The Notch3 Receptor and Its Intracellular Signaling-Dependent Oncogenic Mechanisms.
Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018; 1066:205-222 [PubMed] Related Publications
During evolution, gene duplication of the Notch receptor suggests a progressive functional diversification. The Notch3 receptor displays a number of structural differences with respect to Notch1 and Notch2, most of which have been reported in the transmembrane and in the intracellular regions, mainly localized in the negative regulatory region (NRR) and trans-activation domain (TAD). Targeted deletion of Notch3 does not result in embryonic lethality, which is in line with its highly restricted tissue expression pattern. Importantly, deregulated Notch3 expression and/or activation, often results in disrupted cell differentiation and/or pathological development, most notably in oncogenesis in different cell contexts. Mechanistically this is due to Notch3-related genetic alterations or epigenetic or posttranslational control mechanisms. In this chapter we discuss the possible relationships between the structural differences and the pathological role of Notch3 in the control of mouse and human cancers. In future, targeting the unique features of Notch3-oncogenic mechanisms could be exploited to develop anticancer therapeutics.

Pei L, He X, Li S, et al.
KRAB zinc-finger protein 382 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and functions as a tumor suppressor, but is silenced by CpG methylation in gastric cancer.
Int J Oncol. 2018; 53(3):961-972 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Several studies have recently reported that KRAB zinc finger protein 382 (ZNF382) is downregulated in multiple carcinoma types due to promoter methylation. The exact role of ZNF382 in gastric carcinogenesis, however, remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the alterations and functions of ZNF382 in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC). Semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative (real-time) PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry were carried out to detect the expression patterns of ZNF382 in GC cell lines and gastric tissue samples. Furthermore, its methylation status in GC cell lines, tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues was detected by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). We observed that ZNF382 was silenced due to promoter methylation in MKN45 and SGC7901 cell lines, and that its silencing could be reversed with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, indicating that its downregulation in GC is due to promoter methylation. In addition, the ectopic expression of ZNF382 significantly inhibited gastric tumor cell clonogenicity, proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the induction of apoptosis. ZNF382 expression downregulated the expression of SNAIL, Vimentin, Twist, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, HES-1, JAG1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP11, as well as that of the stem cell markers, NANOG, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) and SOX2. ZNF382 also upregulated the expression of E-cadherin. On the whole, the findings of this study suggest that ZNF382 functions as a tumor suppressor in GC cells, but is frequently methylated in both GC cell lines and primary gastric tumors. ZNF382 can reverse the EMT process in GC cells through NOTCH signaling. Our findings further illustrate the molecular pathogenesis of GC and establish potential biomarkers for this type of cancer.

Lin Z, Chen B, Wu T, Xu X
Highly Tumorigenic Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Cells Are Produced by Coculture with Stromal Cells.
Acta Haematol. 2018; 139(4):201-216 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is heterogeneous. We aimed to explore how tumor microenvironment promotes lymphoma cell aggressiveness and heterogeneity.
METHODS: We created a coculture system using human DLBCL cells and mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Proliferative capacity, drug resistance, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity were compared in lymphoma cells from the coculture system and lymphoma cells cultured alone. Expression of Notch signaling associated genes was evaluated using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot.
RESULTS: Lymphoma cells in the coculture system differentiated into a suspended cell group and an adherent cell group. They acquired a stronger proliferative capacity and drug resistance than lymphoma cells cultured alone, and differences existed between the adherent cell and suspended cell groups. The suspended cell group acquired the most powerful clonogenic and tumorigenic potential. However, Notch3 was exclusively expressed in the adherent lymphoma cell group and the use of N-[N-(3, 5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester, an inhibitor of Notch pathway, could abolish the emergence of highly aggressive lymphoma cells.
CONCLUSION: Highly tumorigenic lymphoma cells could be generated by coculture with stromal cells, and it was dependent on Notch3 expression in the adjacent lymphoma cells through interaction with stromal cells.

Hu BD, Guo J, Ye YZ, et al.
Specific inhibitor of Notch‑3 enhances the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to gemcitabine.
Oncol Rep. 2018; 40(1):155-164 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Notch‑3 is a receptor of the Notch signaling pathway and plays an important role in regulating self‑renewal, differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells. Overexpression of Notch‑3 has been proved to be associated with resistance to gemcitabine (GEM) and poor patient prognosis for various malignant tumors. In the present study, two non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, H1299 and A549, were induced with GEM for two months and then were treated with various concentrations of a Notch signaling blocker, N‑[N‑(3,5‑difluorophenacetyl)‑L‑alanyl]‑S‑phenylglycine t‑butyl ester (DAPT), with the goal of reducing expression of Notch intracellular domain 3 (NICD3). Both cell lines were subsequently treated with either DAPT or DAPT combined with GEM and then viability, apoptosis, colony formation and cell count assays were performed. DAPT treatment effectively downregulated the expression of NICD3 in both cell lines. DAPT combined with GEM also significantly reduced the percentage of viable cells in both cell lines, while increasing the percentage of apoptotic cells, compared with GEM alone. In the clonogenicity assays, the combination of DAPT and GEM led to a decrease in clone numbers and significantly greater inhibition of the H1299 and A549 cells compared to treatment with DAPT or GEM alone. Meanwhile, levels of the apoptosis‑related proteins, Bcl‑2 and Bax, were found to be affected by the various treatments. Thus Notch‑3 appears to be a promising target for gene therapy and DAPT is able to mediate a strong antitumor effect in NSCLC cells that overexpress Notch‑3. Further studies of a combined treatment regimen with DAPT and GEM are warranted and may provide greater efficacy and safety in the treatment of NSCLC patients.

Yang P, Zhang W, Wang J, et al.
Genomic landscape and prognostic analysis of mantle cell lymphoma.
Cancer Gene Ther. 2018; 25(5-6):129-140 [PubMed] Related Publications
To gain insight into the molecular pathogenesis of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), next-generation whole-exome sequencing of 16 MCL patients was performed. We identified recurrent mutations in genes that are well known to be functionally relevant in MCL, including ATM (37.5%), TP53 (31.3%), WHSC1 (31.3%), CCND1 (18.8%), NOTCH2 (6.3%), and CDKN2A (6.3%). We also identified somatic mutations in genes for which a functional role in MCL has not been previously suspected. These genes included CCDC15, APC, CDH1, S1PR1, ATRX, BRCA2, CASP8, and NOTCH3. Further, we investigated the prognostic factors associated with MCL from clinical, pathological, and genetic mutations. Mutations of TP53 (P = 0.021) was a significant prognostic factor with shorter overall survival (OS). Although there was no statistical difference, the median survival time of patients with WHSC1 mutations was shorter than those without mutations (P = 0.070). Mutations in ATM and CCND1 had no prognostic value (P = 0.552, 0.566). When adjusted for MCL International Prognostic Index (MIPI) or combined MCL-International Prognostic Index (MIPI-c), TP53 and WHSC1 mutations were the most important prognostic factors in MCL (P < 0.05). Our data provide an unbiased view of the landscape of mutations in MCL and commend that all patients benefit from mutations of TP53 and WHSC1 at diagnosis, in addition to MIPI and MIPI-c score.

Chen X, Li D, Gao Y, et al.
Histone deacetylase SIRT6 inhibits glioma cell growth through down-regulating NOTCH3 expression.
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2018; 50(4):417-424 [PubMed] Related Publications
Gliomas are the most common brain tumors of the central nervous system. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and biological function of SIRT6 in human gliomas. The expression levels of SIRT6 in glioma tissues and cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. CCK8 and clonogenicity assays were performed to detect the cell proliferation. Furthermore, the migration and invasion of glioma cells were examined by transwell assays. It was found that the expression of SIRT6 was significantly lower in human glioma tissues or cell lines compared with the normal brain tissue or NHA. Up-regulated SIRT6 significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. By contrast, knockdown of SIRT6 dramatically increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. Moreover, over expression of NOTCH3 significantly increased the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. However, these effects were abolished after overexpression of SIRT6. These results suggest that SIRT6 may suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion via inhibition of the NOTCH3 signaling pathway in glioma.

Pinazza M, Ghisi M, Minuzzo S, et al.
Histone deacetylase 6 controls Notch3 trafficking and degradation in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
Oncogene. 2018; 37(28):3839-3851 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Several studies have revealed that endosomal sorting controls the steady-state levels of Notch at the cell surface in normal cells and prevents its inappropriate activation in the absence of ligands. However, whether this highly dynamic physiologic process can be exploited to counteract dysregulated Notch signaling in cancer cells remains unknown. T-ALL is a malignancy characterized by aberrant Notch signaling, sustained by activating mutations in Notch1 as well as overexpression of Notch3, a Notch paralog physiologically subjected to lysosome-dependent degradation in human cancer cells. Here we show that treatment with the pan-HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) strongly decreases Notch3 full-length protein levels in T-ALL cell lines and primary human T-ALL cells xenografted in mice without substantially reducing NOTCH3 mRNA levels. Moreover, TSA markedly reduced the levels of Notch target genes, including pTα, CR2, and DTX-1, and induced apoptosis of T-ALL cells. We further observed that Notch3 was post-translationally regulated following TSA treatment, with reduced Notch3 surface levels and increased accumulation of Notch3 protein in the lysosomal compartment. Surface Notch3 levels were rescued by inhibition of dynein with ciliobrevin D. Pharmacologic studies with HDAC1, 6, and 8-specific inhibitors disclosed that these effects were largely due to inhibition of HDAC6 in T-ALL cells. HDAC6 silencing by specific shRNA was followed by reduced Notch3 expression and increased apoptosis of T-ALL cells. Finally, HDAC6 silencing impaired leukemia outgrowth in mice, associated with reduction of Notch3 full-length protein in vivo. These results connect HDAC6 activity to regulation of total and surface Notch3 levels and suggest HDAC6 as a potential novel therapeutic target to lower Notch signaling in T-ALL and other Notch3-addicted tumors.

Yang M, Li H, Li Y, et al.
Identification of genes and pathways associated with MDR in MCF-7/MDR breast cancer cells by RNA-seq analysis.
Mol Med Rep. 2018; 17(5):6211-6226 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major problem in the treatment of breast cancer. In the present study, next-generation sequencing technology was employed to identify differentially expressed genes in MCF‑7/MDR cells and MCF‑7 cells, and aimed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of MDR in breast cancer. Differentially expressed genes between MCF‑7/MDR and MCF‑7 cells were selected using software; a total of 2085 genes were screened as differentially expressed in MCF‑7/MDR cells. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed using the DAVID database. Finally, a protein‑protein interaction network was constructed and the hub genes in the network were analyzed using the STRING database. GO annotation demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes were enriched in various biological processes, including 'regulation of cell differentiation', 'cell development', 'neuron development', 'movement of cell or subcellular component' and 'cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation'. Cellular component analysis by GO revealed that differentially expressed genes were enriched in 'plasma membrane region' and 'extracellular matrix' terms. Furthermore, KEGG analysis demonstrated that the target genes were enriched in various pathways, including 'cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)', 'calcium signaling pathway', 'tight junction', 'Wnt signaling pathway' and 'pathways in cancer' terms. A protein‑protein interaction network demonstrated that certain hub genes, including cyclin D1, nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), NOTCH3, brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), paired box 6, neuropeptide Y, phospholipase C β (PLCB) 4, PLCB2 and actin α cardiac muscle 1, may be associated with MDR in breast cancer. Subsequently, RT‑qPCR confirmed that the expression of these 9 hub genes was higher in MCF‑7/MDR cells compared with MCF‑7 cells, consistent with the RNA‑sequencing analysis. Additionally, a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay demonstrated that specific inhibitors of NOS3 and BDNF/neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase, type 2 signaling reduced the IC50 of MCF‑7/MDR cells in response to various anticancer drugs, including adriamycin, cisplatin and 5‑fluorouracil. The results of the present study provide novel insights into the mechanism underlying MDR in MCF‑7 cells and may identify novel targets for the treatment of breast cancer.

Cui J, Wang Y, Dong B, et al.
Pharmacological inhibition of the Notch pathway enhances the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.
Int J Cancer. 2018; 143(3):645-656 [PubMed] Related Publications
Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer, this disease inevitably recurs and progresses to ADT-resistant stage after this therapy. Accordingly, understanding the mechanism of resistance to ADT and finding new approach to enhance the efficacy of ADT may provide a major benefit to PCa patients. In our study, we found upregulated expression of Notch receptors is positive associated with ADT-resistance progression. Using fluorescent Notch signaling reporter system, we observed that endogenous Notch signaling could be activated after treatment of androgen deprivation in LNCaP cells via activation of Notch3. In addition, exogenous activation of the Notch signaling though Dox-induced overexpression of any Notch intracellular domains (NICD1-4) could enhance the resistance of PCa cells to ADT under ex vivo 3D culture conditions and upregulate expression of ADT resistance-associated phospho-p38 and Bcl-2 in LNCaP cells. As a result, pharmacological inhibition of the Notch pathway using γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI), DAPT, downregulated both phospho-p38 and Bcl-2 expression and significantly enhanced the efficacy of ADT in androgen sensitive PCa cells with impaired proliferation and 3D colony formation, increased apoptosis and remarkable inhibition of tumor growth in murine subcutaneous xenograft model. These results indicate that activated Notch signaling contributes to ADT resistance, and suggest that inhibition of the Notch pathway may be a promising adjuvant therapy of ADT for PCa.

Wang W, Chen D, Zhu K
SOX2OT variant 7 contributes to the synergistic interaction between EGCG and Doxorubicin to kill osteosarcoma via autophagy and stemness inhibition.
J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 37(1):37 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin is the preferred chemotherapeuticdrug for osteosarcoma treatment of which clinical efficacy is limited because of its chemo-resistance and cardiac toxicity. It is necessary to develop the combination regimen with complementary molecular mechanisms to reduce the side effects and enhance sensitivity of Doxorubicin. EGCG is a polyphenol in green tea with antitumor bioactivity,which has been found that its combination with certain chemotherapeutic drugs could improve the antitumor efficiency.
METHODS: In this study, MTT assay was used to detect the cell growth inhibition The CD133+/CD44+ cells were isolated from U2OS and SaoS2 cell lines using magnetic-activated cell sorting and identified by flow cytometry analysis. qRT-PCR was used for determining the relative mRNA levels of key genes. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the autophagy flux alterations. Self-renewal ability was accessed by sphere-forming assay. Tumorigenicity in nude mice was preformed to evaluate tumorigenicity in vivo.
RESULTS: We found that EGCG targeting LncRNA SOX2OT variant 7 produced synergistic effects with Doxorubicin on osteosarcoma cell growth inhibition. On the one hand, EGCG could reduce the Doxorubicin-induced pro-survival autophagy through decreasing SOX2OT variant 7 to improve the growth inhibition of Doxorubicin. On the other hand, EGCG could partially inactivate Notch3/DLL3 signaling cascade targeting SOX2OT variant 7 to reduce the stemness then abated drug-resistance of osteosarcoma cells.
CONCLUSIONS: This study will help to reveal the molecular mechanisms of synergistic effects of EGCG and Doxorubicin on OS chemotherapy and improve the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy as well as provide a basis for developing antitumor drugs targeting osteosarcoma stem cells.

Dominguez-Valentin M, Nakken S, Tubeuf H, et al.
Identification of genetic variants for clinical management of familial colorectal tumors.
BMC Med Genet. 2018; 19(1):26 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The genetic mechanisms for families who meet the clinical criteria for Lynch syndrome (LS) but do not carry pathogenic variants in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes are still undetermined. We aimed to study the potential contribution of genes other than MMR genes to the biological and clinical characteristics of Norwegian families fulfilling Amsterdam (AMS) criteria or revised Bethesda guidelines.
METHODS: The Hereditary Cancer Biobank of the Norwegian Radium Hospital was interrogated to identify individuals with a high risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) for whom no pathogenic variants in MMR genes had been found in routine diagnostic DNA sequencing. Forty-four cancer susceptibility genes were selected and analyzed by using our in-house designed TruSeq amplicon-based assay for targeted sequencing. RNA splicing- and protein-dedicated in silico analyses were performed for all variants of unknown significance (VUS). Variants predicted as likely to affect splicing were experimentally analyzed by resorting to minigene assays.
RESULTS: We identified a patient who met the revised Bethesda guidelines and carried a likely pathogenic variant in CHEK2 (c.470 T > C, p.I157T). In addition, 25 unique VUS were identified in 18 individuals, of which 2 exonic variants (MAP3K1 c.764A > G and NOTCH3 c.5854G >A) were analyzed in the minigene splicing assay and found not to have an effect on RNA splicing.
CONCLUSIONS: Among high-risk CRC patients that fulfill the AMS criteria or revised Bethesda guidelines, targeted gene sequencing identified likely pathogenic variant and VUS in other genes than the MMR genes (CHEK2, NOTCH3 and MAP3K1). Our study suggests that the analysis of genes currently excluded from routine molecular diagnostic screens may confer cancer susceptibility.

Xu Y, Miao C, Jin C, et al.
SUSD2 promotes cancer metastasis and confers cisplatin resistance in high grade serous ovarian cancer.
Exp Cell Res. 2018; 363(2):160-170 [PubMed] Related Publications
The activation of Notch3 is associated with potential progression of ovarian cancer, tumor invasion, metastasis and chemoresistance, which account for poor prognosis of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). However, the underlying mechanisms of Notch3 are not yet very clear. Here we show that SUSD2 is one of Notch3-regulating genes and the elevated protein expression of SUSD2 in HGSOC. We also found that its high expression level was significantly correlated with worse overall survival, early recurrence and lymph nodes metastasis. Moreover, overexpression of SUSD2 in ovarian cancer cells promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the metastatic capacity of malignant cells. In contrast, silencing SUSD2 in aggressive ovarian cancer cells inhibited these processes both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found SUSD2 promoted EMT through regulating the expression of EpCAM and EpCAM silencing reversed SUSD2-induced E-cadherin reduction and cells migration. Further experiments indicated a role of SUSD2 in conferring cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer probably through enhancing autophagy in vitro. Collectively, these findings shed a new insight into the role of Notch3 downstream gene SUSD2 and provided a new therapeutic target for HGSOC.

Song H, Zhang Y
Regulation of pancreatic stellate cell activation by Notch3.
BMC Cancer. 2018; 18(1):36 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Activated pancreatic stellate cells (PaSCs) are the key cellular source of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the pancreatic stroma of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), however, the activation mechanism of PaSCs is not yet known. The Notch signaling pathway, components of which are expressed in stromal cells, is involved in the fibrosis of several organs, including the lung and liver. In the current study, we investigated whether Notch signal transduction is involved in PaSC activation in PDAC.
METHODS: The expression of Notch signaling pathway components in human PDAC was examined via immunohistochemical staining and assessed in mouse PaSCs using RT-qPCR and western blotting. Notch3 expression in both PDAC stromal cells and activated mouse PaSCs was evaluated using immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR and western blotting. The impact of siRNA-mediated Notch3 knockdown on PaSC activation was detected with RT-qPCR and western blotting, and the impact on PaSC proliferation and migration was detected using CCK-8 assays and scratch experiments. The effect of conditioned medium from PaSCs activated with Notch3 siRNA on pancreatic cancer (LTPA) cells was also detected with CCK-8 assays and scratch experiments. The data were analyzed for statistical significance using Student's t-test.
RESULTS: Notch3 was overexpressed in both human PDAC stromal cells and activated mouse PaSCs, and Notch3 knockdown with Notch3 siRNA decreased the proliferation and migration of mouse PaSCs. The levels of markers related to PaSC activation, such as α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I and fibronectin, decreased in response to Notch3 knockdown, indicating that Notch3 plays an important role in PaSC activation. Furthermore, we confirmed that inhibition of PaSC activation via Notch3 siRNA reduced the proliferation and migration of PaSC-induced mouse pancreatic cancer (LTPA) cells.
CONCLUSIONS: Notch3 inhibition in PaSCs can inhibit the activation, proliferation and migration of PaSCs and reduce the PaSC-induced pro-tumorigenic effect. Therefore, Notch3 silencing in PaSCs is a potential novel therapeutic option for patients with PDAC.

Valliyammai N, Nancy NK, Sagar TG, Rajkumar T
Study of NOTCH1 and FBXW7 Mutations and Its Prognostic Significance in South Indian T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2018; 40(1):e1-e8 [PubMed] Related Publications
NOTCH1/FBXW7 mutations trigger oncogenic NOTCH1 signaling and its downstream target genes play crucial roles in the molecular pathogenesis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). In the present study, NOTCH1 and FBXW7 mutations were studied in 25 primary T-ALL samples. All 34 exons of NOTCH1 and hotspot exons (exon 9 and exon 10) of FBXW7 were polymerase chain reaction amplified and sequenced for mutations. Our results showed that 13/25 (52%) were NOTCH1-mutated, of which 11 patients (44%) showed mutation in the hotspot exons. Four patients (16%) had mutations in non-hotspot exons of NOTCH1. Notably, 2 T-ALL patients (8%) harbored mutations in both hotspot and non-hotspot exons of NOTCH1, whereas 2 patients (8%) had mutations in the hotspot exons of FBXW7. In all, 7 mutations were identified which were not previously reported. The real-time polymerase chain reaction study in 15 patients revealed that increased expression of activated NOTCH1 was found in NOTCH1/FBXW7 hotspot exon-mutated cases. In addition, NOTCH1/FBXW7-mutated patients had showed upregulated HES1, c-MYC, NOTCH3 gene expression. When survival analysis was performed including samples (n=50) from our previous study, an early treatment response and better survival was observed in NOTCH1/FBXW7 hotspot-mutated patients. Our study suggests that NOTCH1/FBXW7 hotspot-mutated T-ALL cases had better response to ALL BFM-95 protocol.

Natsuizaka M, Whelan KA, Kagawa S, et al.
Interplay between Notch1 and Notch3 promotes EMT and tumor initiation in squamous cell carcinoma.
Nat Commun. 2017; 8(1):1758 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Notch1 transactivates Notch3 to drive terminal differentiation in stratified squamous epithelia. Notch1 and other Notch receptor paralogs cooperate to act as a tumor suppressor in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). However, Notch1 can be stochastically activated to promote carcinogenesis in murine models of SCC. Activated form of Notch1 promotes xenograft tumor growth when expressed ectopically. Here, we demonstrate that Notch1 activation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are coupled to promote SCC tumor initiation in concert with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β present in the tumor microenvironment. We find that TGFβ activates the transcription factor ZEB1 to repress Notch3, thereby limiting terminal differentiation. Concurrently, TGFβ drives Notch1-mediated EMT to generate tumor initiating cells characterized by high CD44 expression. Moreover, Notch1 is activated in a small subset of SCC cells at the invasive tumor front and predicts for poor prognosis of esophageal SCC, shedding light upon the tumor promoting oncogenic aspect of Notch1 in SCC.

Fukusumi T, Guo TW, Sakai A, et al.
The
Clin Cancer Res. 2018; 24(3):619-633 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications

Dou XW, Liang YK, Lin HY, et al.
Notch3 Maintains Luminal Phenotype and Suppresses Tumorigenesis and Metastasis of Breast Cancer via Trans-Activating Estrogen Receptor-α.
Theranostics. 2017; 7(16):4041-4056 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The luminal A phenotype is the most common breast cancer subtype and is characterized by estrogen receptor α expression (ERα). Identification of the key regulator that governs the luminal phenotype of breast cancer will clarify the pathogenic mechanism and provide novel therapeutic strategies for this subtype of cancer. ERα signaling pathway sustains the epithelial phenotype and inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that Notch3 positively associates with ERα in both breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer tissues. We found that overexpression of Notch3 intra-cellular domain, a Notch3 active form (N3ICD), in ERα negative breast cancer cells re-activated ERα, while knock-down of Notch3 reduced ERα transcript and proteins, with alteration of down-stream genes, suggesting its ability to regulate ERα. Mechanistically, our results show that Notch3 specifically binds to the CSL binding element of the ERα promoter and activates ERα expression. Moreover, Notch3 suppressed EMT, while suppression of Notch3 promoted EMT in cellular assay. Overexpressing N3ICD in triple-negative breast cancer suppressed tumorigenesis and metastasis

Zhao YY, Yu GT, Xiao T, Hu J
The Notch signaling pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A meta-analysis.
Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017; 26(5):881-887 [PubMed] Related Publications
BACKGROUND: The Notch signaling pathway has been associated with the regulation of self-renewal capacity, cell cycle exit, and survival. However, the relationship between the Notch signaling pathway and HNSCC remains controversial.
OBJECTIVES: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of Notch signaling pathway in HNSCC.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Relevant studies published until March 31, 2015 were identified by searching the PubMed, EMBASE and Ovid database.
RESULTS: A total of 9 articles were eligible for this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that the expression of Notch1, Notch3 and NICD was significantly higher in HNSCC as compared with control tissue. There was no significant difference in Jagged1 and HES1 expression between HNSCC and control tissue. Stratified analysis results showed that the expression of Notch1 was significantly higher in poor differentiation, III and IV stage and positive lymph node metastasis patients. Additionally, over-expression of Notch1, NICD, HES1 and DLL4 significantly predicted poor OS in HNSCC patients.
CONCLUSION: The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in tumor development of HNSCC. Inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic method of HNSCC.

Choi SH, Severson E, Pear WS, et al.
The common oncogenomic program of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 signaling in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
PLoS One. 2017; 12(10):e0185762 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Notch is a major oncogenic driver in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), in part because it binds to an enhancer that increases expression of MYC. Here, we exploit the capacity of activated NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 to induce T-ALL, despite substantial divergence in their intracellular regions, as a means to elucidate a broad, common Notch-dependent oncogenomic program through systematic comparison of the transcriptomes and Notch-bound genomic regulatory elements of NOTCH1- and NOTCH3-dependent T-ALL cells. ChIP-seq studies show a high concordance of functional NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 genomic binding sites that are enriched in binding motifs for RBPJ, the transcription factor that recruits activated Notch to DNA. The interchangeability of NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 was confirmed by rescue of NOTCH1-dependent T-ALL cells with activated NOTCH3 and vice versa. Despite remarkable overall similarity, there are nuanced differences in chromatin landscapes near critical common Notch target genes, most notably at a Notch-dependent enhancer that regulates MYC, which correlates with responsiveness to Notch pathway inhibitors. Overall, a common oncogenomic program driven by binding of either Notch is sufficient to maintain T-ALL cell growth, whereas cell-context specific differences appear to influence the response of T-ALL cells to Notch inhibition.

Xie K, Ye Y, Zeng Y, et al.
Polymorphisms in genes related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and risk of non-small cell lung cancer.
Carcinogenesis. 2017; 38(10):1029-1035 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process is a crucial step for tumor invasion and metastasis. Previous research investigating EMT has mostly focused on its role in cancer progression. Recent studies showed that EMT and EMT-driving transcription factor (EMT-TF) expression are early events in lung cancer pathogenesis, implying a potential association between EMT and lung cancer risk. In this study, we examined whether genetic variants in EMT-related genes are associated with risk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We used data from a genome-wide association study of 1482 NSCLC cases and 1544 healthy controls as the discovery phase, in which we analyzed 1602 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 159 EMT-related genes. We then validated the significant SNPs in another 5699 cases and 5815 controls from the National Cancer Institute lung cancer genome-wide association study. Cumulative effects were evaluated for validated SNPs, and a gene-based test was performed to explore gene-level association with disease risk. In the discovery phase, 174 SNPs demonstrated significant associations with NSCLC risk. In the validation phase, seven SNPs mapped to EGFR, NOTCH3, ADGRF1 and SMAD3 were confirmed. Cumulative effect analysis of the significant SNPs demonstrated increasing risk with the number of unfavorable genotypes in the discovery and validation datasets. Gene-based analysis implicated ADGRF1, NOTCH3 and CDH1 as significant for NSCLC risk. Functional prediction revealed several potential mechanisms underlying these associations. Our results suggest that EMT-related gene variants may be involved in susceptibility to NSCLC; if confirmed, they might help identify higher-risk individuals.

Almodovar K, Iams WT, Meador CB, et al.
Longitudinal Cell-Free DNA Analysis in Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer Reveals Dynamic Insights into Treatment Efficacy and Disease Relapse.
J Thorac Oncol. 2018; 13(1):112-123 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: Patients with SCLC have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Because access to longitudinal tumor samples is very limited in patients with this disease, we chose to focus our studies on the characterization of plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) for rapid, noninvasive monitoring of disease burden.
METHODS: We developed a liquid biopsy assay that quantifies somatic variants in cfDNA. The assay detects single nucleotide variants, copy number alterations, and insertions or deletions in 14 genes that are frequently mutated in SCLC, including tumor protein p53 gene (TP53), retinoblastoma 1 gene (RB1), BRAF, KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase gene (KIT), notch 1 gene (NOTCH1), notch 2 gene (NOTCH2), notch 3 gene (NOTCH3), notch 4 gene (NOTCH4), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha gene (PIK3CA), phosphatase and tensin homolog gene (PTEN), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene (FGFR1), v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog gene (MYC), v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene lung carcinoma derived homolog gene (MYCL1), and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog gene (MYCN).
RESULTS: Over the course of 26 months of peripheral blood collection, we examined 140 plasma samples from 27 patients. We detected disease-associated mutations in 85% of patient samples with mutant allele frequencies ranging from 0.1% to 87%. In our cohort, 59% of the patients had extensive-stage disease, and the most common mutations occurred in TP53 (70%) and RB1 (52%). In addition to mutations in TP53 and RB1, we detected alterations in 10 additional genes in our patient population (PTEN, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, NOTCH4, MYC, MYCL1, PIK3CA, KIT, and BRAF). The observed allele frequencies and copy number alterations tracked closely with treatment responses. Notably, in several cases analysis of cfDNA provided evidence of disease relapse before conventional imaging.
CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that liquid biopsies are readily applicable in patients with SCLC and can potentially provide improved monitoring of disease burden, depth of response to treatment, and timely warning of disease relapse in patients with this disease.

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