SRGAP3

Gene Summary

Gene:SRGAP3; SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 3
Aliases: WRP, MEGAP, SRGAP2, ARHGAP14
Location:3p25.3
Summary:-
Databases:OMIM, HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase-activating protein 3
Source:NCBIAccessed: 01 September, 2019

Ontology:

What does this gene/protein do?
Show (4)
Pathways:What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in?
Show (1)

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 01 September 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Brain Tumours
  • Brain, Astrocytoma, Childhood
  • Chromosome 3
  • Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
  • Cell Differentiation
  • Srgap2 protein, mouse
  • Dimerization
  • Adolescents
  • BRAF
  • CGH
  • Oncogene Fusion
  • MAP Kinase Signaling System
  • Neoplasm Grading
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Gene Rearrangement
  • Long Noncoding RNA
  • Mutation
  • Transfection
  • Epigenetics
  • Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
  • rho GTPase-activating protein
  • GTPase-Activating Proteins
  • Enzyme Activation
  • DNA Mutational Analysis
  • Mammary Glands, Human
  • Tumor Suppressor Gene
  • Srgap3 protein, mouse
  • NIH 3T3 Cells
  • Adenocarcinoma of Lung
  • Oncogene Fusion Proteins
  • Childhood Cancer
  • Raf1 protein, rat
  • CRAF
  • Young Adult
  • SRGAP3
  • Breast Cancer
  • Gene Expression
  • DNA, Complementary
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
  • Microarray Analysis
  • rac1 GTP-Binding Protein
  • Signal Transduction
Tag cloud generated 01 September, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (4)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: SRGAP3 (cancer-related)

Rahane CS, Kutzner A, Heese K
A cancer tissue-specific FAM72 expression profile defines a novel glioblastoma multiform (GBM) gene-mutation signature.
J Neurooncol. 2019; 141(1):57-70 [PubMed] Related Publications
INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is a neural stem cell (NSC)-derived malignant brain tumor with complex genetic alterations challenging clinical treatments. FAM72 is a NSC-specific protein comprised of four paralogous genes (FAM72 A-D) in the human genome, but its functional tumorigenic significance is unclear.
METHODS: We conducted an in-depth expression and somatic mutation data analysis of FAM72 (A-D) in GBM using the comprehensive human clinical cancer study database cBioPortal [including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)].
RESULTS: We established a FAM72 transcription profile across TCGA correlated with the expression of the proliferative marker MKI67 and a tissue-specific gene-mutation signature represented by pivotal genes involved in driving the cell cycle. FAM72 paralogs are overexpressed in cancer cells, specifically correlating with the mitotic cell cycle genes ASPM, KIF14, KIF23, CENPE, CENPE, CEP55, SGO1, and BUB1, thereby contributing to centrosome and mitotic spindle formation. FAM72 expression correlation identifies a novel GBM-specific gene set (SCN9A, MXRA5, ADAM29, KDR, LRP1B, and PIK3C2G) in the de novo pathway of primary GBM predestined as viable targets for therapeutics.
CONCLUSION: Our newly identified primary GBM-specific gene-mutation signature, along with FAM72, could thus provide a new basis for prognostic biomarkers for diagnostics of GBM and could serve as potential therapeutic targets.

Yang Z, Li H, Wang Z, et al.
Microarray expression profile of long non-coding RNAs in human lung adenocarcinoma.
Thorac Cancer. 2018; 9(10):1312-1322 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in many biological dynamics and play significant roles in gene regulation. LncRNA expression is altered in many cancers; however, the expressions and functions of lncRNA genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) remain unknown.
METHODS: LncRNA and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in LAD without lymphatic metastasis versus paired adjacent non-tumor (ANT) lung tissues and LAD with versus without lymphatic metastasis were analyzed using Human LncRNA Arraystar V3.0. The expression levels of four downregulated and four upregulated lncRNAs were verified using quantitative real-time PCR in cells and tissue specimens.
RESULTS: In this study, 949 lncRNAs and 681 mRNAs had differential expression in LAD without lymphatic metastasis compared to ANT lung tissues, while 2740 lncRNAs and 1714 mRNAs were differentially expressed in LAD with lymphatic metastasis compared to LAD without lymphatic metastasis. The expression patterns of selected lncRNAs (LINC00113, AC005009.1, ARHGAP22-IT1, AC009411.1, SRGAP3-AS2, EGFEM1P, FAM66E, and HLA-F-AS1) were consistent with microarray data. Differentially expressed mRNA genes were enriched in crucial Gene Ontology terms and pathways.
CONCLUSION: Our results revealed differentially expressed lncRNAs in LAD, suggesting lncRNAs may be potential indicators for LAD diagnosis and therapy.

Jarzabek MA, Proctor WR, Vogt J, et al.
Interrogation of transcriptomic changes associated with drug-induced hepatic sinusoidal dilatation in colorectal cancer.
PLoS One. 2018; 13(6):e0198099 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Drug-related sinusoidal dilatation (SD) is a common form of hepatotoxicity associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy used prior to resection of colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Recently, hepatic SD has also been associated with anti-delta like 4 (DLL4) cancer therapies targeting the NOTCH pathway. To investigate the hypothesis that NOTCH signaling plays an important role in drug-induced SD, gene expression changes were examined in livers from anti-DLL4 and oxaliplatin-induced SD in non-human primate (NHP) and patients, respectively. Putative mechanistic biomarkers of bevacizumab (bev)-mediated protection against oxaliplatin-induced SD were also investigated. RNA was extracted from whole liver sections or centrilobular regions by laser-capture microdissection (LCM) obtained from NHP administered anti-DLL4 fragment antigen-binding (F(ab')2 or patients with CRLM receiving oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy with or without bev. mRNA expression was quantified using high-throughput real-time quantitative PCR. Significance analysis was used to identify genes with differential expression patterns (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05). Eleven (CCL2, CCND1, EFNB2, ERG, ICAM1, IL16, LFNG, NOTCH1, NOTCH4, PRDX1, and TGFB1) and six (CDH5, EFNB2, HES1, IL16, MIK67, HES1 and VWF) candidate genes were differentially expressed in the liver of anti-DLL4- and oxaliplatin-induced SD, respectively. Addition of bev to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy resulted in differential changes in hepatic CDH5, HEY1, IL16, JAG1, MMP9, NOTCH4 and TIMP1 expression. This work implicates NOTCH and IL16 pathways in the pathogenesis of drug-induced SD and further explains the hepato-protective effect of bev in oxaliplatin-induced SD observed in CRLM patients.

Jain P, Fierst TM, Han HJ, et al.
CRAF gene fusions in pediatric low-grade gliomas define a distinct drug response based on dimerization profiles.
Oncogene. 2017; 36(45):6348-6358 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGGs) are commonly associated with BRAF gene fusions that aberrantly activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. This has led to PLGG clinical trials utilizing RAF- and MAPK pathway-targeted therapeutics. Whole-genome profiling of PLGGs has also identified rare gene fusions involving another RAF isoform, CRAF/RAF1, in PLGGs and cancers occuring in adults. Whereas BRAF fusions primarily dysregulate MAPK signaling, the CRAF fusions QKI-RAF1 and SRGAP3-RAF1 aberrantly activate both the MAPK and phosphoinositide-3 kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) signaling pathways. Although ATP-competitive, first-generation RAF inhibitors (vemurafenib/PLX4720, RAFi) cause paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway in BRAF-fusion tumors, inhibition can be achieved with 'paradox breaker' RAFi, such as PLX8394. Here we report that, unlike BRAF fusions, CRAF fusions are unresponsive to both generations of RAFi, vemurafenib and PLX8394, highlighting a distinct responsiveness of CRAF fusions to clinically relevant RAFi. Whereas PLX8394 decreased BRAF-fusion dimerization, CRAF-fusion dimerization is unaffected primarily because of robust protein-protein interactions mediated by the N-terminal non-kinase fusion partner, such as QKI. The pan-RAF dimer inhibitor, LY3009120, could suppress CRAF-fusion oncogenicity by inhibiting dimer-mediated signaling. In addition, as CRAF fusions activate both the MAPK and PI3K/mTOR signaling pathways, we identify combinatorial inhibition of the MAPK/mTOR pathway as a potential therapeutic strategy for CRAF-fusion-driven tumors. Overall, we define a mechanistic distinction between PLGG-associated BRAF- and CRAF/RAF1 fusions in response to RAFi, highlighting the importance of molecularly classifying PLGG patients for targeted therapy. Furthermore, our study uncovers an important contribution of the non-kinase fusion partner to oncogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies against PLGG-associated CRAF fusions and possibly pan-cancer CRAF fusions.

Marko TA, Shamsan GA, Edwards EN, et al.
Slit-Robo GTPase-Activating Protein 2 as a metastasis suppressor in osteosarcoma.
Sci Rep. 2016; 6:39059 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor, with metastatic disease responsible for most treatment failure and patient death. A forward genetic screen utilizing Sleeping Beauty mutagenesis in mice previously identified potential genetic drivers of osteosarcoma metastasis, including Slit-Robo GTPase-Activating Protein 2 (Srgap2). This study evaluates the potential role of SRGAP2 in metastases-associated properties of osteosarcoma cell lines through Srgap2 knockout via the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system and conditional overexpression in the murine osteosarcoma cell lines K12 and K7M2. Proliferation, migration, and anchorage independent growth were evaluated. RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry of human osteosarcoma tissue samples were used to further evaluate the potential role of the Slit-Robo pathway in osteosarcoma. The effects of Srgap2 expression modulation in the murine OS cell lines support the hypothesis that SRGAP2 may have a role as a suppressor of metastases in osteosarcoma. Additionally, SRGAP2 and other genes in the Slit-Robo pathway have altered transcript levels in a subset of mouse and human osteosarcoma, and SRGAP2 protein expression is reduced or absent in a subset of primary tumor samples. SRGAP2 and other axon guidance proteins likely play a role in osteosarcoma metastasis, with loss of SRGAP2 potentially contributing to a more aggressive phenotype.

Tsai CH, Chiu JH, Yang CW, et al.
Molecular characteristics of recurrent triple-negative breast cancer.
Mol Med Rep. 2015; 12(5):7326-34 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Due to the fact that the treatment of breast cancer depends significantly on the molecular markers present in the cancer, including estrogen receptor (+), progesterone receptor (+) or erbB2 receptor (+), further investigation targeting triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes may assist in elucidating the mechanisms of recurrence of TNBC and enable the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for patients with TNBC. The aim of the present study was to compare the gene expression profiles between TNBC samples that were identified as having recurrent and non‑recurrent statuses. Between June 2011 and May 2012, a total of 30 patients with TNBC were examined using a follow-up period of at least 5 years. Their clinicopathological information was retrospectively reviewed and they were classified with a status either of recurrence [n=15 stage II (9), IIIA (2), IIIC (4)] or non‑recurrence [n=15 stage II (6), IIIA (1), IIIC (8)]. The total RNA from tissue samples obtained from the recurrent and non‑recurrent TNBC patients were used to performed oligonucleotide microarray analysis. The dataset was analyzed using GeneSpring software and validated using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Principal component analysis demonstrated that there was a marked difference in the gene expression distribution between the stage IIIc recurrent samples and early stage (stages IIa, IIb and IIIa) recurrent samples. In early stage recurrence, the significant pathway‑associated upregulated genes were matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and genes associated with cancer cell migration (CDH2) and cell adhesion/motility (KRAS, CDC42, RAC1, ICAM and SRGAP2). By contrast, during stage IIIc recurrence, the significant pathway‑associated upregulated genes in the recurrent samples were WNT signaling genes, including WNT 4 and WNT 16. It was concluded that there were markedly different distributions and gene expression profiles between stage IIIc recurrent TNBC tumors and early stage (IIa, IIb, IIIa) recurrent TNBC tumors, which provides important information for the development of effective treatment strategies for TNBC.

Ma Y, Mi YJ, Dai YK, et al.
The inverse F-BAR domain protein srGAP2 acts through srGAP3 to modulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth of mouse neuroblastoma cells.
PLoS One. 2013; 8(3):e57865 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
The inverse F-BAR (IF-BAR) domain proteins srGAP1, srGAP2 and srGAP3 are implicated in neuronal development and may be linked to mental retardation, schizophrenia and seizure. A partially overlapping expression pattern and highly similar protein structures indicate a functional redundancy of srGAPs in neuronal development. Our previous study suggests that srGAP3 negatively regulates neuronal differentiation in a Rac1-dependent manner in mouse Neuro2a cells. Here we show that exogenously expressed srGAP1 and srGAP2 are sufficient to inhibit valporic acid (VPA)-induced neurite initiation and growth in the mouse Neuro2a cells. While ectopic- or over-expression of RhoGAP-defective mutants, srGAP1(R542A) and srGAP2(R527A) exert a visible inhibitory effect on neuronal differentiation. Unexpectedly, knockdown of endogenous srGAP2 fails to facilitate the neuronal differentiation induced by VPA, but promotes neurite outgrowth of differentiated cells. All three IF-BAR domains from srGAP1-3 can induce filopodia formation in Neuro2a, but the isolated IF-BAR domain from srGAP2, not from srGAP1 and srGAP3, can promote VPA-induced neurite initiation and neuronal differentiation. We identify biochemical and functional interactions of the three srGAPs family members. We propose that srGAP3-Rac1 signaling may be required for the effect of srGAP1 and srGAP2 on attenuating neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, inhibition of Slit-Robo interaction can phenocopy a loss-of-function of srGAP3, indicating that srGAP3 may be dedicated to the Slit-Robo pathway. Our results demonstrate the interplay between srGAP1, srGAP2 and srGAP3 regulates neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. These findings may provide us new insights into the possible roles of srGAPs in neuronal development and a potential mechanism for neurodevelopmental diseases.

Lahoz A, Hall A
A tumor suppressor role for srGAP3 in mammary epithelial cells.
Oncogene. 2013; 32(40):4854-60 [PubMed] Related Publications
srGAP3, a member of the Slit-Robo sub-family of Rho GTPase-activating proteins (Rho GAPs), controls actin and microtubule dynamics through negative regulation of Rac. Here, we describe a potential role for srGAP3 as a tumor suppressor in mammary epithelial cells. We show that RNAi-mediated depletion of srGAP3 promotes Rac dependent, anchorage-independent growth of partially transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs). Furthermore, srGAP3 expression is absent, or significantly reduced in 7/10 breast cancer cell lines compared with normal HMECs. Re-expression of srGAP3 in a subset of these cell lines inhibits both anchorage-independent growth and cell invasion in a GAP-dependent manner, and this is accompanied by an increase in phosphorylation of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family proteins and myosin light chain 2 (MLC2). Inhibition of the Rho regulated kinase, ROCK, reduces ERM and MLC2 phosphorylation and restores invasion. We conclude that srGAP3 has tumor suppressor-like activity in HMECs, likely through its activity as a negative regulator of Rac1.

Dennis MY, Nuttle X, Sudmant PH, et al.
Evolution of human-specific neural SRGAP2 genes by incomplete segmental duplication.
Cell. 2012; 149(4):912-22 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Gene duplication is an important source of phenotypic change and adaptive evolution. We leverage a haploid hydatidiform mole to identify highly identical sequences missing from the reference genome, confirming that the cortical development gene Slit-Robo Rho GTPase-activating protein 2 (SRGAP2) duplicated three times exclusively in humans. We show that the promoter and first nine exons of SRGAP2 duplicated from 1q32.1 (SRGAP2A) to 1q21.1 (SRGAP2B) ∼3.4 million years ago (mya). Two larger duplications later copied SRGAP2B to chromosome 1p12 (SRGAP2C) and to proximal 1q21.1 (SRGAP2D) ∼2.4 and ∼1 mya, respectively. Sequence and expression analyses show that SRGAP2C is the most likely duplicate to encode a functional protein and is among the most fixed human-specific duplicate genes. Our data suggest a mechanism where incomplete duplication created a novel gene function-antagonizing parental SRGAP2 function-immediately "at birth" 2-3 mya, which is a time corresponding to the transition from Australopithecus to Homo and the beginning of neocortex expansion.

Forshew T, Tatevossian RG, Lawson AR, et al.
Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway: a signature genetic defect in posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas.
J Pathol. 2009; 218(2):172-81 [PubMed] Related Publications
We report genetic aberrations that activate the ERK/MAP kinase pathway in 100% of posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas, with a high frequency of gene fusions between KIAA1549 and BRAF among these tumours. These fusions were identified from analysis of focal copy number gains at 7q34, detected using Affymetrix 250K and 6.0 SNP arrays. PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of five KIAA1549-BRAF fusion variants, along with a single fusion between SRGAP3 and RAF1. The resulting fusion genes lack the auto-inhibitory domains of BRAF and RAF1, which are replaced in-frame by the beginning of KIAA1549 and SRGAP3, respectively, conferring constitutive kinase activity. An activating mutation of KRAS was identified in the single pilocytic astrocytoma without a BRAF or RAF1 fusion. Further fusions and activating mutations in BRAF were identified in 28% of grade II astrocytomas, highlighting the importance of the ERK/MAP kinase pathway in the development of paediatric low-grade gliomas.

Jones DT, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, et al.
Oncogenic RAF1 rearrangement and a novel BRAF mutation as alternatives to KIAA1549:BRAF fusion in activating the MAPK pathway in pilocytic astrocytoma.
Oncogene. 2009; 28(20):2119-23 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
Pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs), WHO malignancy grade I, are the most frequently occurring central nervous system tumour in 5- to 19-year-olds. Recent reports have highlighted the importance of MAPK pathway activation in PAs, particularly through a tandem duplication leading to an oncogenic BRAF fusion gene. Here, we report two alternative mechanisms resulting in MAPK activation in PAs. Firstly, in striking similarity to the common BRAF fusion, tandem duplication at 3p25 was observed, which produces an in-frame oncogenic fusion between SRGAP3 and RAF1. This fusion includes the Raf1 kinase domain, and shows elevated kinase activity when compared with wild-type Raf1. Secondly, a novel 3 bp insertion at codon 598 in BRAF mimics the hotspot V600E mutation to produce a transforming, constitutively active BRaf kinase. Although these two alterations are not common, they bring the number of cases with an identified 'hit' on the Ras/Raf-signalling pathway to 36 from our series of 44 (82%), confirming its central importance to the development of pilocytic astrocytomas.

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Cite this page: Cotterill SJ. SRGAP3, Cancer Genetics Web: http://www.cancer-genetics.org/SRGAP3.htm Accessed:

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