NUTM2A

Gene Summary

Gene:NUTM2A; NUT family member 2A
Aliases: FAM22A
Location:10q23.2
Summary:-
Databases:HGNC, Ensembl, GeneCard, Gene
Protein:NUT family member 2A
Source:NCBIAccessed: 31 August, 2019

Cancer Overview

Research Indicators

Publications Per Year (1994-2019)
Graph generated 31 August 2019 using data from PubMed using criteria.

Literature Analysis

Mouse over the terms for more detail; many indicate links which you can click for dedicated pages about the topic.

  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Endometrial Cancer
  • Endothelium, Vascular
  • Phenotype
  • Nuclear Proteins
  • Taxoids
  • Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
  • High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
  • Biomarkers, Tumor
  • Docetaxel
  • Neoplasm Proteins
  • Oncogene Fusion Proteins
  • Pathology, Molecular
  • 14-3-3 Proteins
  • Gene Rearrangement
  • Vimentin
  • Oncogene Fusion
  • Repressor Proteins
  • NUT
  • Tumor Burden
  • Deoxycytidine
  • Young Adult
  • Disease Progression
  • SUZ12
  • Chloride Channels
  • Endometrial Stromal Tumors
  • Uterus
  • Uterine Cancer
  • Fatal Outcome
  • Oncogene Proteins
  • FISH
  • CIC
  • Cyclin D1
  • Chromosome 10
  • Neoplasm Grading
  • NUTM2A-CIC fusion protein, human
  • YWHAE protein, human
  • Sarcoma, Endometrial Stromal
  • Cell Cycle Proteins
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit
Tag cloud generated 31 August, 2019 using data from PubMed, MeSH and CancerIndex

Specific Cancers (2)

Data table showing topics related to specific cancers and associated disorders. Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression.

Note: list is not exhaustive. Number of papers are based on searches of PubMed (click on topic title for arbitrary criteria used).

Latest Publications: NUTM2A (cancer-related)

Hoang L, Chiang S, Lee CH
Endometrial stromal sarcomas and related neoplasms: new developments and diagnostic considerations.
Pathology. 2018; 50(2):162-177 [PubMed] Related Publications
Our understanding of endometrial stromal sarcomas has evolved dramatically since their earliest descriptions from over a century ago. Initial studies focused on establishing the relationship between histological appearances of endometrial stromal sarcomas and their clinical outcomes. Studies performed in the last decade have uncovered several recurrent cytogenetic aberrations occurring in low- and high-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas bear close histopathological resemblance to proliferative-type endometrial stroma, and approximately half harbour t(7;17)(p15;q21) resulting in JAZF1-SUZ12 gene fusion. Less common JAZF1-PHF1, EPC1-PHF1, MEAF6-PHF1, and MBTD1-CXorf67 fusions have also been reported. The term 'high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma' was recently re-introduced in the classification of endometrial stromal tumours after the discovery of t(10;17)(q22;p13) resulting in YWHAE-NUTM2A/B fusion and is associated with distinct morphological characteristics. This review highlights the evolution of endometrial stromal sarcoma classification schemes over time and describes the salient clinicopathological and molecular features of endometrial stromal nodule, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma. It also describes the recent characterisation of endometrial stromal sarcoma with t(X;22)(p11;q13) resulting in ZC3H7B-BCOR fusion, a noteworthy entity due to its close histological resemblance to myxoid leiomyosarcoma. We also provide insights into common challenging scenarios encountered when assessing endometrial stromal lesions in daily surgical pathology practice.

Hemming ML, Wagner AJ, Nucci MR, et al.
YWHAE-rearranged high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: Two-center case series and response to chemotherapy.
Gynecol Oncol. 2017; 145(3):531-535 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
OBJECTIVES: YWHAE-rearranged high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS) is a rare, recently defined uterine sarcoma harboring t(10;17)(q22;p13) resulting in YWHAE-NUTM2A/B fusion. Chemotherapy sensitivity of metastatic YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS is unknown. We reviewed the response to chemotherapy in women with YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS to provide guidance for clinical management.
METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients diagnosed with YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS who received treatment for metastatic disease at our institutions. Cytogenetics or fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed in all cases to confirm rearrangement and, in conjunction with histopathology, a diagnosis of YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS. Patient demographics, tumor histology, surgical procedures, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and treatment responses were collected.
RESULTS: Seven patients were identified with YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS and met criteria for inclusion in this study. The median age at diagnosis was 45 (range 42-47). All patients had undergone hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. FIGO stage at diagnosis was IVB in four patients and a single patient each at stage IIIB, II or I. Median follow-up for the cohort was 27months (range 6-123). Six patients received anthracycline-based chemotherapy, with two of six achieving a complete radiologic response. One patient received gemcitabine and docetaxel, resulting in a partial response. For three patients who died from metastatic disease, survival from initial diagnosis was 33, 100 and 123months.
CONCLUSIONS: For metastatic YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS, prolonged disease control following diagnosis was seen, with notable responses to anthracycline-based therapy. This emphasizes the need for appropriate molecular testing of uterine mesenchymal malignancies and suggests that chemotherapy is an effective treatment option for metastatic YWHAE-rearranged HG-ESS.

Kubo T, Sugita S, Wada R, et al.
Uterine epithelioid leiomyosarcoma with c-kit expression and YWHAE gene rearrangement: a case report of a diagnostic pitfall of uterine sarcoma.
Diagn Pathol. 2017; 12(1):26 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
BACKGROUND: Uterine sarcoma is a rare tumor that is often difficult to classify based on morphological and immunohistochemical analysis alone. Limited access to molecular biological analysis in routine practice would hinder making a definitive diagnosis.
CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, we describe a case of a mesenchymal tumor arising from the uterine cervix in a 52-year-old woman. From microscopic morphology of the resected specimen, epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, or uterine gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were considered as differential diagnoses. The immunophenotype of the tumor featured smooth muscle differentiation and hormone receptor expression. The cell membrane and cytoplasm were positive for c-kit, although no mutation was found in the c-kit or PDGFRA gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a relatively low frequency of YWHAE rearrangement, whereas there were few NUTM2A and NUTM2B split signals.
CONCLUSIONS: In this case, the tumor was not typical of any three of the differential diagnoses mentioned above. However, insufficient frequency of YWHAE, NUTM2A, and NUTM2B gene rearrangement and absence of mutation in both the c-kit and PDGFRA genes suggested that this tumor should be categorized as epithelioid leiomyosarcoma. This is an instructive case showing a potential diagnostic pitfall of uterine sarcoma. Comprehensive approaches including molecular biological techniques are required for definitive diagnosis.

Sugita S, Arai Y, Aoyama T, et al.
NUTM2A-CIC fusion small round cell sarcoma: a genetically distinct variant of CIC-rearranged sarcoma.
Hum Pathol. 2017; 65:225-230 [PubMed] Related Publications
CIC-rearranged sarcoma is a new entity of undifferentiated small round cell sarcoma characterized by chimeric fusions with CIC rearrangement. We report a NUTM2A-CIC fusion sarcoma in a 43-year-old woman who died of rapidly progressive disease. Histologic analysis revealed multinodular proliferation of small round tumor cells with mild nuclear pleomorphism. The sclerotic fibrous septa separated the tumor into multiple nodules. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin, focally positive for cytokeratin, and negative for CD99 and NKX2.2. Tumor cells were also negative for ETV4, which was recently identified as a specific marker for CIC-rearranged sarcoma. High-throughput RNA sequencing of a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded clinical sample unveiled a novel NUTM2A-CIC fusion between NUTM2A exon 7 and CIC exon 12, and fluorescence in situ hybridization identified CIC and NUTM2A split signals. This case shared several clinicopathological findings with previously reported CIC-rearranged cases. We recognized the tumor as a genetically distinct variant of CIC-rearranged sarcomas with a novel NUTM2A-CIC fusion.

Horng HC, Wen KC, Wang PH, et al.
Uterine sarcoma Part II-Uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma: The TAG systematic review.
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 55(4):472-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
Endometrial stromal tumors are rare uterine tumors (<1%). Four main categories include endometrial stromal nodule, low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (HG-ESS), and uterine undifferentiated sarcoma (UUS). This review is a series of articles discussing the uterine sarcomas. LG-ESS, a hormone-dependent tumor harboring chromosomal rearrangement, is an indolent tumor with a favorable prognosis, but characterized by late recurrences even in patients with Stage I disease, suggesting the requirement of a long-term follow-up. Patients with HG-ESS, based on the identification of YWHAE-NUTM2A/B (YWHAE-FAM22A/B) gene fusion, typically present with advanced stage diseases and frequently have recurrences, usually within a few years after initial surgery. UUS is, a high-grade sarcoma, extremely rare, lacking a specific line of differentiation, which is a diagnosis of exclusion (the wastebasket category, which fails to fulfill the morphological and immunohistochemical criteria of translocation-positive ESS). Surgery is the main strategy in the management of uterine sarcoma. Due to rarity, complex biological characteristics, and unknown etiology and risk factors of uterine sarcomas, the role of adjuvant therapy is not clear. Only LG-ESS might respond to progestins or aromatase inhibitors.

Li X, Anand M, Haimes JD, et al.
The application of next-generation sequencing-based molecular diagnostics in endometrial stromal sarcoma.
Histopathology. 2016; 69(4):551-9 [PubMed] Related Publications
AIMS: Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) are divided into low-grade and high-grade subtypes, with the latter showing more aggressive clinical behaviour. Although histology and immunophenotype can aid in the diagnosis of these tumours, genetic studies can provide additional diagnostic insights, as low-grade ESSs frequently harbour fusions involving JAZF1/SUZ12 and/or JAZF1/PHF1, whereas high-grade ESSs are defined by YWHAE-NUTM2A/B fusions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based assay in identifying ESS fusions in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour samples.
METHODS AND RESULTS: We applied an NGS-based fusion transcript detection assay (Archer FusionPlex Sarcoma Panel) that targets YWHAE and JAZF1 fusions in a series of low-grade ESSs (n = 11) and high-grade ESSs (n = 5) that were previously confirmed to harbour genetic rearrangements by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and/or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. The fusion assay identified junctional fusion transcript sequences that corresponded to the known FISH/RT-PCR results in all cases. Four low-grade ESSs harboured JAZF1-PHF1 fusions with different junctional sequences, and all were correctly identified because of the open-ended nature of the assay design, using anchored multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Seven non-ESS sarcomas were also included as negative controls, and no strong ESS fusion candidates were identified in these cases.
CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity of an NGS-based gene fusion assay in the detection of ESS fusion transcripts.

Lee CH, Hoang LN, Yip S, et al.
Frequent expression of KIT in endometrial stromal sarcoma with YWHAE genetic rearrangement.
Mod Pathol. 2014; 27(5):751-7 [PubMed] Related Publications
Endometrial stromal sarcomas with the YWHAE-NUTM2A/B genetic fusion characteristically contain high-grade round to epithelioid cell component that is strongly and diffusely cyclin D1-positive and it may or may not show an associated low-grade fibroblastic/myxoid cell component. They are clinically more aggressive than endometrial stromal sarcomas with the JAZF1-SUZ12 genetic fusion and frequently demonstrate extrauterine extension at initial clinical presentation. In this setting, the tumor may be misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumor. This study examines the expression of KIT and ANO1 in 14 YWHAE-NUTM2A/B tumors by immunohistochemistry. Staining localization was determined as membranous and/or cytoplasmic, and the staining intensity was assessed (negative, weak, moderate and strong). Of the 14 tumors, 6 contained only a high-grade round cell component, 2 only a low-grade fibroblastic component and 6 had both components in the slides evaluated. The high-grade round cell component displayed moderate to strong membranous/cytoplasmic KIT staining in all tumors (12 of 12). The low-grade fibroblastic cell component showed only weak cytoplasmic KIT staining in 3 of 8 tumors. In contrast, ANO1 was negative in all 14 neoplasms, irrespective of the component evaluated. Sanger sequencing analysis (exons 9, 11, 13 and 17) and Ampliseq Cancer Panel mutation screen (Ion Torrent) demonstrated no KIT mutations in three KIT-positive YWHAE-NUTM2A/B tumors. This study shows that the high-grade round cell component of YWHAE-NUTM2A/B endometrial stromal sarcoma consistently expresses KIT but lacks KIT hotspot mutations. KIT expression may represent a potential diagnostic pitfall in the evaluation of YWHAE-NUTM2A/B endometrial stromal sarcoma presenting with pelvic/abdominal mass, particularly in situations where its uterine origin is not definitive, and thus a panel of antibodies that includes ANO1 and cyclin D1 is necessary.

Suzuki S, Tanioka F, Minato H, et al.
Breakages at YWHAE, FAM22A, and FAM22B loci in uterine angiosarcoma: a case report with immunohistochemical and genetic analysis.
Pathol Res Pract. 2014; 210(2):130-4 [PubMed] Related Publications
Described herein is the first reported case of a uterine angiosarcoma with breakages at three loci, YWHAE (17p13), FAM22A (10q23) and FAM22B (10q22). A 62-year-old postmenopausal woman was found to have endometrial thickening of her uterus. An endometrial biopsy indicated a malignant, spindle cell neoplasm. A total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingooophorectomy was performed. Histologic examination of the uterine specimen showed a malignant tumor consisting of irregular rudimentary vascular channels and solid small nests diffusely infiltrating to the middle of the myometrial wall. The tumor cells were epithelioid, and displayed eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei in some areas of the tumor. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed vascular differentiation; they were diffusely positive for CD31 and D2-40 but were negative for factor VIII and CD34. In the course of the procedure of differential diagnoses, we included fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for detection of a FAM22B-YWHAE fusion gene resulting from t(10;17)(q22;p13), recently reported in a series of endometrial stromal sarcoma, and unexpectedly identified breakages at three loci, i.e. YWHAE (17p13), FAM22A (10q23) and FAM22B (10q22). Collectively, these findings suggest that abnormality in the loci of YWHAE, FAM22A and FAM22B, which are known to be associated with oncogenesis of endometrial stromal sarcoma, may contribute to the development of uterine angiosarcoma.

Dewaele B, Przybyl J, Quattrone A, et al.
Identification of a novel, recurrent MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.
Int J Cancer. 2014; 134(5):1112-22 [PubMed] Related Publications
Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESSs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of rare uterine neoplasms that are commonly driven by recurrent gene rearrangements. In conventional low-grade ESS, JAZF1-SUZ12, PHF1-JAZF1, EPC1-PHF1 and MEAF6-PHF1, and recently described ZC3H7-BCOR chimeric fusions have been reported in > 50% of cases. Conversely, oncogenic t(10;17)(q22;p13) translocation yields YWHAE-FAM22A/B chimeric proteins that are associated with histologically high-grade and clinically more aggressive ESS. Integrating whole-transcriptome paired-end RNA sequencing with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and banding cytogenetics, we identified MBTD1 (malignant brain tumor domain-containing 1) and CXorf67 (chromosome X open reading frame 67) as the genes involved in the novel reciprocal t(X;17)(p11.2;q21.33) translocation in two independent low-grade ESS of classical histology. The presence of the MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion transcript was validated in both cases using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by Sanger sequencing. A specific FISH assay was developed to detect the novel t(X;17) translocation in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material, and resulted in identification of an additional low-grade ESS case positive for the MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion among 25 uterine stromal tumors [14 ESS and 11 undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas (UESs)] that were negative for JAZF1 and YWHAE rearrangements. Gene expression profiles of seven ESS (including three with YWHAE and two with JAZF1 rearrangements) and four UES without specific chromosomal aberrations indicated clustering of tumors with MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion together with low-grade JAZF1-associated ESS. The chimeric MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion identifies yet another cytogenetically distinct subgroup of low-grade ESS and offers the opportunity to shed light on the functions of two poorly characterized genes.

Croce S, Hostein I, Ribeiro A, et al.
YWHAE rearrangement identified by FISH and RT-PCR in endometrial stromal sarcomas: genetic and pathological correlations.
Mod Pathol. 2013; 26(10):1390-400 [PubMed] Related Publications
Endometrial stromal sarcomas represent the second most common mesenchymal uterine tumor. The 2003 WHO classification distinguishes low-grade and undifferentiated endometrial stromal sarcomas with different prognoses. Endometrial stromal sarcomas are a genetically heterogeneous group of sarcomas harboring different cytogenetic anomalies. Recently, a fusion between the YWHAE and FAM22A/B genes subsequent to a t(10;17) (q22;p13) has been described in endometrial sarcomas with high-grade histology. We examined YWHAE rearrangements by FISH break-apart and RT-PCR in a series of 27 undifferentiated uterine stromal sarcoma without JAZF1 rearrangements. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out with a panel of antibodies (estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, CD10, Cyclin D1, β-catenin, p53, and Ki-67). We identified a subgroup of endometrial sarcomas with high-grade histology and uniform morphology harboring YWHAE rearrangements. FISH break-apart was interpretable in 20 cases (74%). Twelve cases (60%) showed <10% of tumor cells with a YWHAE rearrangement, 4 cases (20%) showed between 10 and ≤20%, and 4 (20%) >20%. RT-PCR was tested on 24/27 cases (88%) and 19 cases were interpretable (79%). Five cases (26%) showed a specific fusion transcript YWHAE-FAM22A/B sequence. The best concordance rate between FISH and RT-PCR (94%) was obtained with the threshold of 20% of cells with a YWHAE rearrangement. The YWHAE-rearranged cases showed high-grade morphology with uniform appearance, spindle or round epithelioid cells, low ER and PR, CD10 expression, and a high and diffuse positivity for Cyclin D1, p53, and nuclear β-catenin negativity. Cyclin D1 was the most sensitive marker for high-grade endometrial sarcomas with YWHAE rearrangement. All undifferentiated uterine sarcomas with pleomorphic appearances did not harbor any YWHAE rearrangements, except for one case. Overall, for endometrial sarcoma cases with high-grade morphology we recommend to test for YWHAE rearrangements by FISH break-apart, a cost- and time-efficient method, and to complete the investigation by RT-PCR in borderline cases.

Lee CH, Ou WB, Mariño-Enriquez A, et al.
14-3-3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109(3):929-34 [PubMed] Free Access to Full Article Related Publications
14-3-3 proteins are ubiquitously expressed regulators of various cellular functions, including proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation, and altered 14-3-3 expression is associated with development and progression of cancer. We report a transforming 14-3-3 oncoprotein, which we identified through conventional cytogenetics and whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis as a highly recurrent genetic mechanism in a clinically aggressive form of uterine sarcoma: high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS). The 14-3-3 oncoprotein results from a t(10;17) genomic rearrangement, leading to fusion between 14-3-3ε (YWHAE) and either of two nearly identical FAM22 family members (FAM22A or FAM22B). Expression of YWHAE-FAM22 fusion oncoproteins was demonstrated by immunoblot in t(10;17)-bearing frozen tumor and cell line samples. YWHAE-FAM22 fusion gene knockdowns were performed with shRNAs and siRNAs targeting various FAM22A exons in an t(10;17)-bearing ESS cell line (ESS1): Fusion protein expression was inhibited, with corresponding reduction in cell growth and migration. YWHAE-FAM22 maintains a structurally and functionally intact 14-3-3ε (YWHAE) protein-binding domain, which is directed to the nucleus by a FAM22 nuclear localization sequence. In contrast to classic ESS, harboring JAZF1 genetic fusions, YWHAE-FAM22 ESS display high-grade histologic features, a distinct gene-expression profile, and a more aggressive clinical course. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated absolute specificity of YWHAE-FAM22A/B genetic rearrangement for high-grade ESS, with no fusions detected in other uterine and nonuterine mesenchymal tumors (55 tumor types, n = 827). These discoveries reveal diagnostically and therapeutically relevant models for characterizing aberrant 14-3-3 oncogenic functions.

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Cite this page: Cotterill SJ. FAM22A, Cancer Genetics Web: http://www.cancer-genetics.org/NUTM2A.htm Accessed:

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